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Edited by Susan T. Fiske, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved August 19, 2014 (received for review May 27, 2014)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Examples of stimuli used. A European female composite (Upper) and an East Asian male composite (Lower) are shown. Masculinized stimuli (Left) and feminized stimuli (Right) are shown.
- Fig. 2.
(A) Preferences for sex dimorphism in female faces, by group. Blue sections indicate the proportion of a group that chose masculinized faces as most attractive, white sections indicate the proportion that chose neutral faces, and pink sections indicate the proportion that chose feminized faces. (B) Preferences for sex dimorphism in male faces, by group. Blue sections indicate the proportion of a group that chose masculinized faces as most attractive, white sections indicate the proportion that chose neutral faces, and pink sections indicate the proportion that chose feminized faces.
- Fig. 3.
Preferences for sex dimorphism in male faces by level of disease burden. Female preferences for masculinity in male faces by group, expressed as an average [participants’ choices for most attractive male faces were recorded as +60 (feminine), 0 (average), or −60 (masculine)], plotted against years lost to infectious disease in local populations (log-transformed). Preferences for masculinity decrease as the disease burden increases.
- Fig. 4.
Male faces perceived as most aggressive-looking, by group. Blue sections indicate the proportion of a group that chose masculinized faces as most aggressive, white sections indicate the proportion that chose neutral faces, and pink sections indicate the proportion that chose feminized faces.
- Fig. 5.
Masculinity of male faces perceived as most aggressive-looking, by level of urbanization. Average levels of masculinity in the male faces chosen as most aggressive-looking by group, plotted against level of urbanization, are shown. Participants in urban environments were more likely to choose masculine faces when asked to choose the most aggressive-looking face.
Tables
Group Local region Country Subsistence mode n male n female n female after exclusions Canadian students Alberta province Canada Market economy 23 60 18 UK students Bristol city United Kingdom Market economy 80 238 134 Shanghai students Shanghai municipality China Market economy 41 38 38 Hangzhou citizens Zhejiang province China Market economy 43 52 48 Cree Canadians Alberta province Canada Market economy 26 28 13 Tuvans Tyva Republic Russia Pastoralism, wages 30 30 18 Kadazan-Dusun Sabah region Malaysia Pastoralism, agriculture 25 26 18 Fijian villagers Cakaudrove province Fiji Foraging, agriculture, wages 9 10 5 Shuar Morona Santiago province Ecuador Horticulture, hunting, foraging, recent small-scale agropastoralism 30 31 19 Miskitu Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur Nicaragua Horticulture, fishing, hunting 13 17 15 Tchimba Kunene region Namibia Pastoralism 35 27 20 Aka Southwest Central African Republic Central African Republic Foraging 25 25 11
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Preferring sex dimorphic faces may be novel
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