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Contributed by James L. Van Etten, October 3, 2014 (sent for review August 9, 2014; reviewed by Joram Feldon and Allan V. Kalueff)
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Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Chlorovirus ATCV-1 genome showing the gene block distributions [blue arrows, protein coding sequence (CDS); red arrows, tRNAs] on each strand of the genome. Histograms in black indicate the G+C distribution along the genome; colored histograms (green, magenta) indicate the GC skew of the genome. The most inner circle indicates the genome map position with the start position at “12 o’clock.” The viral genome is a linear dsDNA, but is represented here as a circle for convenience of presentation. Control throat swab deep sequencing consensus sequence reads are matched to ATCV-1, and two experiments (17 and 16 individuals per experiment) are represented by the black lines connecting the gene blocks. BLAST hits, 61; Query, ATCV-1; Subject, human throat swab chlorovirus consensus sequence reads (52).
- Fig. 2.
Odds of detecting ATCV-1 in the pharynx by percentile of score on cognitive testing. Bars represent the mean and 95% confidence interval odds of detecting ATCV-1 DNA in the oropharynx in individuals with the indicated test. The odds ratios are adjusted for the demographic variables of age, sex, race, maternal education, educational status, and place of birth in the United States. Trails A and Information are separate tests and not part of the RBANS. **P < 0.005, *P < 0.01, adjusted for the same covariates.
- Fig. 3.
Behavioral effects of oral ATCV-1 exposure. Mice were orally infected with C. heliozoae alone (open bars) or with ATCV-1–infected C. heliozoae (solid bars) as described in the text. (A) Spatial recognition memory; the y axis displays the percentage of the previously blocked (i.e., novel) arm entries; *P = 0.015 measured by one-way ANOVA. (B) Novel object recognition; the y axis depicts the percentage of time spent exploring the novel object; *P < 0.001 measured by one-way ANOVA. (C) Place recognition memory recognition; the y axis depicts the percentage of time spent exploring the new location of the familiar object; *P < 0.008 measured by one-way ANOVA. (D) Impaired PPI; mice were exposed to presentation of pulse alone (120 dB) and prepulse–pulse combinations across different prepulse intensities; for example, p4 indicates pairing of the prepulse (4 dB above the background noise of 70 dB) with the pulse alone (120 dB) (see the text for more details); the y axis displays the percentage of PPI. (E) Impaired average PPI; the y axis displays the percentage of PPI; *P < 0.015 measured by post hoc test.
Tables
Cognitive Test ATCV-1 DNA detected, n = 40 ATCV-1 DNA not detected, n = 52 Overall cohort, n = 93 P value Trails A, scaled score 38.2 (12.4) 46.7 (11.7) 43.0 (12.7) <0.002 WAIS III, Information subtest, scaled score 10.8 (2.7) 10.8 (2.6) 10.8 (2.6) NS RBANS Total Score 81.3 (11.9) 85.4 (11.5) 83.6 (11.8) <0.014 Attention Index 91.4 (17.5) 98.5 (14.5) 95.4 (16.2) <0.011 Delayed Memory Index 85.2 (11.7) 88.3 (9.9) 87.0 (10.8) <0.039 Immediate Memory Index 85.8 (15.5) 89.3 (14.5) 87.8 (14.9) NS Visuospatial/Constructional Index 72.6 (9.1) 74.4 (10.6) 73.6 (9.9) NS Language Index 93.3 (17.0) 94.8 (17.0) 94.2 (16.9) NS Values listed are means (standard deviations). P values calculated by linear regression adjusted for age, sex, race, educational level, maternal education, cigarette smoking, and place of birth. NS indicates P > 0.1.
Data supplements
Supporting Information
Correction to the Supporting Information (SI)
The authors note that Table S2 appeared incorrectly.
Below is a link to the corrected SI.
Files in this Data Supplement:
Virus ATCV-1, part of human oropharyngeal virome
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