Muons penetrate much further than X-rays, they do essentially zero damage, and they are provided for free by the cosmos.
Image credit: Science Source/Digital Globe.
Edited by Harvey Karten, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, and accepted by the Editorial Board January 20, 2015 (received for review May 8, 2014)
Significance
A six-layered neocortex is a hallmark feature of the mammalian brain. Connections among layers and progressive changes in the neural coding properties of each layer define a microcircuit thought to perform the computations underlying complex behavior. Birds lack a six-layered cortex. Yet, they demonstrate complex cognition and behavior. Recent anatomical studies propose that adjacent regions of the avian pallium are homologs of neocortical layers. Here, we show that the avian auditory pallium exhibits the same information-processing principles that define the mammalian neocortical microcircuit. Results suggest that the cortical microcircuit evolved in a common ancestor of mammals and birds and provide a physiological explanation for neural processes that give rise to complex behavior in the absence of cortical lamination.
Abstract
Mammalian neocortex is characterized by a layered architecture and a common or “canonical” microcircuit governing information flow among layers. This microcircuit is thought to underlie the computations required for complex behavior. Despite the absence of a six-layered cortex, birds are capable of complex cognition and behavior. In addition, the avian auditory pallium is composed of adjacent information-processing regions with genetically identified neuron types and projections among regions comparable with those found in the neocortex. Here, we show that the avian auditory pallium exhibits the same information-processing principles that define the canonical cortical microcircuit, long thought to have evolved only in mammals. These results suggest that the canonical cortical microcircuit evolved in a common ancestor of mammals and birds and provide a physiological explanation for the evolution of neural processes that give rise to complex behavior in the absence of cortical lamination.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: sw2277{at}columbia.edu.
Author contributions: A.C. and S.M.N.W. designed research; A.C. performed research; A.C. analyzed data; A.C. and S.M.N.W. wrote the paper; and S.M.N.W. supervised the project.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. H.K. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.
See Commentary on page 3184.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1408545112/-/DCSupplemental.
Neocortical microcircuit in the avian brain
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- Biological Sciences
- Neuroscience
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