Research Article
Criticality of metals and metalloids
See allHide authors and affiliations
PNAS April 7, 2015 112 (14) 4257-4262; first published March 23, 2015; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500415112
T. E. Graedel
aCenter for Industrial Ecology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511; and
bStellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
E. M. Harper
aCenter for Industrial Ecology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511; and
N. T. Nassar
aCenter for Industrial Ecology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511; and
Philip Nuss
aCenter for Industrial Ecology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511; and
Barbara K. Reck
aCenter for Industrial Ecology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511; and
Edited by B. L. Turner, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, and approved February 27, 2015 (received for review January 8, 2015)

Online Impact
Article Information
vol. 112 no. 14 4257-4262
PubMed:
Published By:
Print ISSN:
Online ISSN:
History:
- Published in issue April 7, 2015.
- Published first March 23, 2015.
Author Information
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: thomas.graedel{at}yale.edu.
Author contributions: T.E.G. and B.K.R. designed research; T.E.G., E.M.H., N.T.N., P.N., and B.K.R. performed research; E.M.H., N.T.N., and P.N. analyzed data; and T.E.G., E.M.H., N.T.N., and B.K.R. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1500415112/-/DCSupplemental.
Cited By...
This article has been cited by the following articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.
- Hanno C. Erythropel, Julie B. Zimmerman, Tamara M. de Winter, Laurène Petitjean, Fjodor Melnikov, Chun Ho Lam, Amanda W. Lounsbury, Karolina E. Mellor, Nina Z. Janković, Qingshi Tu, Lauren N. Pincus, Mark M. Falinski, Wenbo Shi, Philip Coish, Desirée L. Plata, Paul T. AnastasGreen Chemistry 2018 20 9
- Saleem H. Ali, Damien Giurco, Nicholas Arndt, Edmund Nickless, Graham Brown, Alecos Demetriades, Ray Durrheim, Maria Amélia Enriquez, Judith Kinnaird, Anna Littleboy, Lawrence D. Meinert, Roland Oberhänsli, Janet Salem, Richard Schodde, Gabi Schneider, Olivier Vidal, Natalia YakovlevaNature 2017 543 7645
- Berrin TanselEnvironment International 2017 98
- N. T. Nassar, T. E. Graedel, E. M. HarperScience Advances 2015 1 3
- Z. Sun, H. Cao, Y. Xiao, J. Sietsma, W. Jin, H. Agterhuis, Y. YangACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2017 5 1
- Eric Singh, Ki Seok Kim, Geun Young Yeom, Hari Singh NalwaACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2017 9 4
- Ayman Elshkaki, T.E. Graedel, Luca Ciacci, Barbara K. ReckGlobal Environmental Change 2016 39
- John D. Hayler, David K. Leahy, Eric M. SimmonsOrganometallics 2019 38 1
- Eric Singh, Ki Seok Kim, Geun Young Yeom, Hari Singh NalwaRSC Advances 2017 7 45
- Josef Hansson, Torbjörn M. J. Nilsson, Lilei Ye, Johan LiuInternational Materials Reviews 2018 63 1
- Koen Binnemans, Peter Tom Jones, Torsten Müller, Lourdes YurramendiJournal of Sustainable Metallurgy 2018 4 1
- Zhi Sun, Yanping Xiao, Hanneke Agterhuis, Jilt Sietsma, Yongxiang YangJournal of Cleaner Production 2016 112
- Linda Ager-Wick Ellingsen, Christine Roxanne Hung, Guillaume Majeau-Bettez, Bhawna Singh, Zhongwei Chen, M. Stanley Whittingham, Anders Hammer StrømmanNature Nanotechnology 2016 11 12
- Philippe Poizot, Joël Gaubicher, Stéven Renault, Lionel Dubois, Yanliang Liang, Yan YaoChemical Reviews 2020 120 14
- M Frenzel, J Kullik, M A Reuter, J GutzmerJournal of Physics D: Applied Physics 2017 50 12
- Gian Andrea Blengini, Philip Nuss, Jo Dewulf, Viorel Nita, Laura Talens Peirò, Beatriz Vidal-Legaz, Cynthia Latunussa, Lucia Mancini, Darina Blagoeva, David Pennington, Mattia Pellegrini, Alexis Van Maercke, Slavko Solar, Milan Grohol, Constantin CiupageaResources Policy 2017 53
- Christoph Helbig, Lars Wietschel, Andrea Thorenz, Axel TumaResources Policy 2016 48
- Stefan Pauliuk, Yasushi Kondo, Shinichiro Nakamura, Kenichi NakajimaResources, Conservation and Recycling 2017 116
- Laurence Kavanagh, Jerome Keohane, Guiomar Garcia Cabellos, Andrew Lloyd, John ClearyResources 2018 7 3
- L. Ciacci, F. Passarini, I. VassuraResources, Conservation and Recycling 2017 123
- Synthia Maes, Wei-Qin Zhuang, Korneel Rabaey, Lisa Alvarez-Cohen, Tom HennebelEnvironmental Science & Technology 2017 51 3
- Sarah M. Hayes, Erin A. McCulloughResources Policy 2018 59
- Jo Dewulf, Gian Andrea Blengini, David Pennington, Philip Nuss, Nedal T. NassarResources Policy 2016 50
- Christoph Kolotzek, Christoph Helbig, Andrea Thorenz, Armin Reller, Axel TumaJournal of Cleaner Production 2018 176
- Andrew L. Gulley, Nedal T. Nassar, Sean XunProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2018 115 16
- Geoffrey Lonca, Romain Muggéo, Hugues Imbeault-Tétreault, Sophie Bernard, Manuele MargniJournal of Cleaner Production 2018 183
- Maryam Arbabzadeh, Jeremiah X. Johnson, Gregory A. Keoleian, Paul G. Rasmussen, Levi T. ThompsonEnvironmental Science & Technology 2016 50 2
- Eliette Restrepo, Amund N. Løvik, Patrick Wäger, Rolf Widmer, Radek Lonka, Daniel B. MüllerEnvironmental Science & Technology 2017 51 3
- Max Frenzel, Claire Mikolajczak, Markus A. Reuter, Jens GutzmerResources Policy 2017 52
- Komal Habib, Keshav Parajuly, Henrik WenzelEnvironmental Science & Technology 2015 49 20
- Frances Wall, Alain Rollat, Robert S. PellElements 2017 13 5
- Hajime Ohno, Philip Nuss, Wei-Qiang Chen, Thomas E. GraedelEnvironmental Science & Technology 2016 50 7
- Stefan Giljum, Hanspeter Wieland, Stephan Lutter, Martin Bruckner, Richard Wood, Arnold Tukker, Konstantin StadlerJournal of Economic Structures 2016 5 1
- X. Fu, C.A. Schuh, E.A. OlivettiScripta Materialia 2017 138
- Xinjin Liang, Geoffrey Michael GaddMicrobial Biotechnology 2017 10 5
- Christoph Helbig, Alex M. Bradshaw, Christoph Kolotzek, Andrea Thorenz, Axel TumaApplied Energy 2016 178
- Nabeel A. Mancheri, Benjamin Sprecher, Sebastiaan Deetman, Steven B. Young, Raimund Bleischwitz, Liang Dong, René Kleijn, Arnold TukkerResources, Conservation and Recycling 2018 129
- Dieuwertje Schrijvers, Alessandra Hool, Gian Andrea Blengini, Wei-Qiang Chen, Jo Dewulf, Roderick Eggert, Layla van Ellen, Roland Gauss, James Goddin, Komal Habib, Christian Hagelüken, Atsufumi Hirohata, Margarethe Hofmann-Amtenbrink, Jan Kosmol, Maïté Le Gleuher, Milan Grohol, Anthony Ku, Min-Ha Lee, Gang Liu, Keisuke Nansai, Philip Nuss, David Peck, Armin Reller, Guido Sonnemann, Luis Tercero, Andrea Thorenz, Patrick A. WägerResources, Conservation and Recycling 2020 155
- Xinzhu Zheng, Ranran Wang, Richard Wood, Can Wang, Edgar G. HertwichNature Geoscience 2018 11 4
- Thomas R. Benson, Matthew A. Coble, James J. Rytuba, Gail A. MahoodNature Communications 2017 8 1
- Sophie I. Hallstedt, Ola IsakssonJournal of Cleaner Production 2017 161
- Philip Nuss, Wei-Qiang Chen, Hajime Ohno, T. E. GraedelEnvironmental Science & Technology 2016 50 7
- Tomer Fishman, Rupert Myers, Orlando Rios, T.E. GraedelResources 2018 7 1
- Sheng Fang, Wenyi Yan, Hongbin Cao, Qingbin Song, Yi Zhang, Zhi SunJournal of Cleaner Production 2018 182
- Luca Ciacci, E. M. Harper, N. T. Nassar, Barbara K. Reck, T. E. GraedelEnvironmental Science & Technology 2016 50 20
- Stefania Panousi, E. M. Harper, Philip Nuss, Matthew J. Eckelman, Ali Hakimian, T. E. GraedelJournal of Industrial Ecology 2016 20 4
- Emmanuel Hache, Gondia Sokhna Seck, Marine Simoen, Clément Bonnet, Samuel CarcanagueApplied Energy 2019 240
- Takuma Watari, Keisuke Nansai, Kenichi NakajimaResources, Conservation and Recycling 2020 155
- Patrice ChristmannNatural Resources Research 2018 27 2
- Imbi Kurvet, Katre Juganson, Heiki Vija, Mariliis Sihtmäe, Irina Blinova, Guttorm Syvertsen-Wiig, Anne KahruMaterials 2017 10 7
- Takuma Watari, Benjamin McLellan, Seiichi Ogata, Tetsuo TezukaMinerals 2018 8 4
- Andrew L. Gulley, Erin A. McCullough, Kim B. SheddResources Policy 2019 62
- Luis A. Diaz, Tedd E. ListerWaste Management 2018 74
- William C. Walker, Christopher J. Bosso, Matthew Eckelman, Jacqueline A. Isaacs, Leila PourzahediJournal of Nanoparticle Research 2015 17 8
- Deepika Lakshmi Ramasamy, Slawomir Porada, Mika SillanpääChemical Engineering Journal 2019 371
- Izaak Williamson, Shasha Li, Andres Correa Hernandez, Matthew Lawson, Yue Chen, Lan LiChemical Physics Letters 2017 674
- Philip Nuss, Gian Andrea BlenginiScience of The Total Environment 2018 613-614
- Abel Ortego, Alicia Valero, Antonio Valero, Eliette RestrepoJournal of Industrial Ecology 2018 22 5
- Maryam Ghodrat, M.Akbar Rhamdhani, Geoffrey Brooks, Maria Rashidi, Bijan SamaliEnvironmental Development 2017 24
- Synthia Maes, Ruben Props, Jeffrey P. Fitts, Rebecca De Smet, Ramiro Vilchez-Vargas, Marius Vital, Dietmar H. Pieper, Frank Vanhaecke, Nico Boon, Tom HennebelEnvironmental Science & Technology 2016 50 5
- Grégoire Meylan, Barbara K. ReckResources, Conservation and Recycling 2017 123
- Erin McCullough, Nedal T. NassarMineral Economics 2017 30 3
- Hanna Helander, Anna Petit‐Boix, Sina Leipold, Stefan BringezuJournal of Industrial Ecology 2019 23 5
- M. Filella, J.C. Rodríguez-MurilloChemosphere 2017 182
- Nicolas Schaeffer, Helena Passos, Isabelle Billard, Nicolas Papaiconomou, João A.P. CoutinhoCritical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 2018 48 13-15
- L. ReijndersJournal of Cleaner Production 2016 131
- Peng Wang, Wen Li, Sami KaraJournal of Cleaner Production 2018 174
- Ruby Thuy Nguyen, Luis A. Diaz, D. Devin Imholte, Tedd E. ListerJOM 2017 69 9
- Luca Ciacci, Philip Nuss, Barbara Reck, T. Werner, T. GraedelResources 2016 5 4
- Guochang Xu, Junya Yano, Shin-ichi SakaiEnvironmental Science & Technology 2019 53 2
- Nedal T. NassarResources, Conservation and Recycling 2017 125
- Hiroki Hatayama, Kiyotaka TaharaResources Policy 2018 55
- Yunji Ding, Huandong Zheng, Jiayi Li, Shengen Zhang, Bo Liu, Christian EkbergMaterials 2019 12 8
- Sanna-Mari Nevala, Joseph Hamuyuni, Tero Junnila, Tuomas Sirviö, Stefan Eisert, Benjamin P. Wilson, Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero, Mari LundströmWaste Management 2019 87
- Shoki Kosai, Eiji YamasueScience of The Total Environment 2019 651
- Susan van den Brink, René Kleijn, Benjamin Sprecher, Arnold TukkerResources, Conservation and Recycling 2020 156
- Peng Wang, Li-Yang Chen, Jian-Ping Ge, Wenjia Cai, Wei-Qiang ChenApplied Energy 2019 253
- Anders Nordelöf, Emma Grunditz, Sonja Lundmark, Anne-Marie Tillman, Mikael Alatalo, Torbjörn ThiringerTransportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2019 67
- Iñigo Capellán-Pérez, Ignacio de Blas, Jaime Nieto, Carlos de Castro, Luis Javier Miguel, Óscar Carpintero, Margarita Mediavilla, Luis Fernando Lobejón, Noelia Ferreras-Alonso, Paula Rodrigo, Fernando Frechoso, David Álvarez-AnteloEnergy & Environmental Science 2020 13 3
- Teresa BrownResources Policy 2018 58
- Tom Terlouw, Xiaojin Zhang, Christian Bauer, Tarek AlskaifJournal of Cleaner Production 2019 221
- Io Hou Kuong, Jinhui Li, Jian Zhang, Xianlai ZengEnvironmental Science & Technology 2019 53 3
- Juliana Segura-Salazar, Luís TavaresSustainability 2018 10 5
- Synthia Maes, Ruben Props, Jeffrey P. Fitts, Rebecca De Smet, Frank Vanhaecke, Nico Boon, Tom Hennebel, Jason B. LovePLOS ONE 2017 12 1
- Amund N. Løvik, Eliette Restrepo, Daniel B. MüllerEnvironmental Science & Technology 2016 50 16
- Nadine Rötzer, Mario SchmidtResources 2018 7 4
- Yosuke Shigetomi, Keisuke Nansai, Shigemi Kagawa, Yasushi Kondo, Susumu TohnoResources Policy 2017 52
- Ying Cui, Man Li, Yongjie HuJournal of Materials Chemistry C 2020 8 31
- Justin M. Hutchison, Jeremy S. Guest, Julie L. ZillesEnvironmental Science & Technology 2017 51 12
- Nedal T. Nassar, Jamie Brainard, Andrew Gulley, Ross Manley, Grecia Matos, Graham Lederer, Laurence R. Bird, David Pineault, Elisa Alonso, Joseph Gambogi, Steven M. FortierScience Advances 2020 6 8
- Amelia Corzo Remigio, Rufus L. Chaney, Alan J. M. Baker, Mansour Edraki, Peter D. Erskine, Guillaume Echevarria, Antony van der EntPlant and Soil 2020 449 1-2
- Alexander Cimprich, Vanessa Bach, Christoph Helbig, Andrea Thorenz, Dieuwertje Schrijvers, Guido Sonnemann, Steven B. Young, Thomas Sonderegger, Markus BergerJournal of Industrial Ecology 2019 23 5
- Shohei Tokito, Shigemi Kagawa, Keisuke NansaiResources Policy 2016 49
- Rita Schulze, Francoise Lartigue-Peyrou, Jiawen Ding, Liselotte Schebek, Matthias BuchertJournal of Sustainable Metallurgy 2017 3 4
- Congren Yang, Quanyin Tan, Xianlai Zeng, Yuping Zhang, Zhishi Wang, Jinhui LiScience of The Total Environment 2018 635
- Madhu Kaushik, Audrey MooresCurrent Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2017 7
- Lyushui Zuo, Chang Wang, Glen David CorderJournal of Cleaner Production 2019 208
- Keisuke Nansai, Kenichi Nakajima, Sangwon Suh, Shigemi Kagawa, Yasushi Kondo, Wataru Takayanagi, Yosuke ShigetomiEconomic Systems Research 2017 29 3
- Natalia Araya, Andrzej Kraslawski, Luis A. CisternasJournal of Cleaner Production 2020 263
- Till ZimmermannJournal of Industrial Ecology 2017 21 5
- Irina Blinova, Heiki Vija, Aljona Lukjanova, Marge Muna, Guttorm Syvertsen-Wiig, Anne KahruScience of The Total Environment 2018 612
- Maitane Erdozain, Erika C. Freeman, Camille Ouellet Dallaire, Sonja Teichert, Harry W. Nelson, Irena F. CreedEnvironmental Reviews 2019 27 2
- Synthia Maes, Mathias Claus, Kim Verbeken, Elien Wallaert, Rebecca De Smet, Frank Vanhaecke, Nico Boon, Tom HennebelWater Research 2016 105
- Norman Toro, Pedro Robles, Ricardo I. JeldresOre Geology Reviews 2020 126
- Éléonore Lèbre, Martin Stringer, Kamila Svobodova, John R. Owen, Deanna Kemp, Claire Côte, Andrea Arratia-Solar, Rick K. ValentaNature Communications 2020 11 1
- Emile R. Engel, Janet L. ScottGreen Chemistry 2020 22 12
- Applying and advancing the economic resource scarcity potential (ESP) method for rare earth elementsRobert S. Pell, Frances Wall, Xiaoyu Yan, Gwendolyn BaileyResources Policy 2019 62
- Yanjing Zhou, Jianwu Li, Gaoshang Wang, Shouyu Chen, Wanli Xing, Tianjiao LiJournal of Cleaner Production 2019 215
- Katherine B. Aubrecht, Marie Bourgeois, Edward J. Brush, Jennifer MacKellar, Jane E. WissingerJournal of Chemical Education 2019 96 12
- Luca Silvestri, Antonio Forcina, Gabriella Arcese, Gino BellaJournal of Cleaner Production 2020 273
- Shoki Kosai, Masaki Nakanishi, Eiji YamasueTransportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2018 65
- Gillian Griffin, Gabrielle Gaustad, Kedar BadamiResources Policy 2019 60
- Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, Anna Hulda OlafsdottirBioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality 2019 4 2
- Philip Nuss, T.E. Graedel, Elisa Alonso, Adam CarrollSustainable Materials and Technologies 2016 10
- Andreas Manhart, Regine Vogt, Michael Priester, Günter Dehoust, Andreas Auberger, Markus Blepp, Peter Dolega, Claudia Kämper, Jürgen Giegrich, Gerhard Schmidt, Jan KosmolMineral Economics 2019 32 1
- Max Frenzel, Kai Bachmann, João R. S. Carvalho, Jorge M. R. S. Relvas, Nelson Pacheco, Jens GutzmerMineralium Deposita 2019 54 7
- Andrew Chapman, Yosuke ShigetomiScience of The Total Environment 2018 639
- John Ferrier, Yuyi Yang, Laszlo Csetenyi, Geoffrey Michael GaddEnvironmental Microbiology 2019 21 5
- Annika Weiser, Lotte M. Lutz, Daniel J. Lang, Klaus KümmererJournal of Cleaner Production 2017 162
- J. P. Sykes, J. P. Wright, A. Trench, P. MillerApplied Earth Science 2016 125 1
- Katie J. Lamb, Mark R. Dowsett, Konstantinos Chatzipanagis, Zhan Wei Scullion, Roland Kröger, James D. Lee, Pedro M. Aguiar, Michael North, Alison ParkinChemSusChem 2018 11 1
- Yi Song, Jianbai Huang, Yijun Zhang, Zhiping WangResources Policy 2019 63
- Mariana Benites, James R. Hein, Kira Mizell, Terrence Blackburn, Luigi JovaneMinerals 2020 10 4
- Maryam Arbabzadeh, Geoffrey M. Lewis, Gregory A. KeoleianJournal of Energy Storage 2019 24
- Xinkai Fu, Adriano Polli, Elsa OlivettiJournal of Industrial Ecology 2019 23 2
- Michele L. Bustamante, Berlyn Hubler, Gabrielle Gaustad, Callie W. BabbittSolar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2016 156
- Peng Wang, Sami KaraProcedia CIRP 2019 80
- Recovery of Platinum from Spent Petroleum Catalysts: Optimization Using Response Surface MethodologyYunji Ding, Huandong Zheng, Jiayi Li, Shengen Zhang, Bo Liu, Christian Ekberg, Zhuming JianMetals 2019 9 3
- John Sherwood, Anthony Ditta, Becky Haney, Loren Haarsma, Michael Carbajales-DaleBioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality 2017 2 3
- Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, Anna Hulda Olafsdottir, Kristin Vala Ragnarsdottir, Deniz KocaBioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality 2018 3 3
- Ruby Thuy Nguyen, Tomer Fishman, Fu Zhao, D.D. Imholte, T.E. GraedelScience of The Total Environment 2018 630
- Marc SchmidMineralogical Magazine 2020 84 1
- Robert Pell, Frances Wall, Xiaoyu Yan, Jinhui Li, Xianlai ZengJournal of Environmental Management 2019 249
- Juhan Kim, Jungbae Lee, BumChoong Kim, Jinsoo KimResources Policy 2019 60
- Xin Sun, Han Hao, Philipp Hartmann, Zongwei Liu, Fuquan ZhaoMaterials Today Energy 2019 14
- Christoph Helbig, Christoph Kolotzek, Andrea Thorenz, Armin Reller, Axel Tuma, Mario Schafnitzel, Stephan KrohnsSustainable Materials and Technologies 2017 12
- Wataru Miyamoto, Shoki Kosai, Seiji HashimotoMinerals 2019 9 2
- Michael Priester, Magnus Ericsson, Peter Dolega, Olof LöfMineral Economics 2019 32 1
- Luca Ciacci, Ivano Vassura, Fabrizio PassariniResources 2018 7 3
- Anthony Y. Ku, Johnathan Loudis, Steven J. DuclosSustainable Materials and Technologies 2018 15
- Andreas M. Hein, Robert Matheson, Dan FriesActa Astronautica 2020 168
- Grégoire Meylan, Barbara K. Reck, Helmut Rechberger, Thomas E. Graedel, Oliver SchwabEnvironmental Science & Technology 2017 51 20
- Florina Ionescu, Lucien Reclaru, Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Andreas BlatterMaterials 2019 12 17
- Toryn Dalton, Teresa Faber, Frank GloriusACS Central Science 2021 7 2
- Brett JordanResources Policy 2018 55
- Wenhua Li, Tsuyoshi AdachiNatural Resource Modeling 2019 32 1
- S. Kappenthuler, S. SeegerMaterials Today Sustainability 2020 7-8
- Simon M. Jowitt, Gavin M. Mudd, John F. H. ThompsonCommunications Earth & Environment 2020 1 1
- Izaak Williamson, Andres Correa Hernandez, Winnie Wong-Ng, Lan LiJOM 2016 68 10
- Kasper Dalgas Rasmussen, Henrik Wenzel, Colton Bangs, Evi Petavratzi, Gang LiuEnvironmental Science & Technology 2019 53 19
- Sang-Joon Pak, Inah Seo, Kyeong-Yong Lee, Kiseong HyeongMinerals 2018 9 1
- Liliana Lefticariu, Kyle L. Klitzing, Allan KolkerInternational Journal of Coal Geology 2020 217
- Marta Iglesias-Émbil, Alicia Valero, Abel Ortego, Mar Villacampa, Josep Vilaró, Gara VillalbaResources, Conservation and Recycling 2020 158
- Dimitra Ioannidou, Niko Heeren, Guido Sonnemann, Guillaume HabertJournal of Industrial Ecology 2019 23 4
- Ye Yuan, Mohan Yellishetty, Gavin M. Mudd, Mario A. Muñoz, Stephen A. Northey, Tim T. WernerResources, Conservation and Recycling 2020 152
- Oliver Lahr, Michael S. Bar, Holger Wenckstern, Marius GrundmannAdvanced Electronic Materials 2020 6 10
- Abel Ortego, Guiomar Calvo, Alicia Valero, Marta Iglesias-Émbil, Antonio Valero, Mar VillacampaResources, Conservation and Recycling 2020 161
- Rene Ziegenhagen, Lucien Reclaru, Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Alexandru Florian GrecuMaterials 2019 12 6
- Rodrigo Miguel Ojeda Mota, T. E. Graedel, Evgenia Pekarskaya, Jan SchroersJOM 2017 69 11
- Shoki Kosai, Yusuke Kishita, Eiji YamasueResources, Conservation and Recycling 2020 154
- Juan Carlos Fernández-Caliani, Antonio Romero-Baena, Isabel González, Emilio GalánApplied Clay Science 2020 191
- Wayne Martindale, Linh Duong, Tom Æ. Hollands, Mark SwainsonScience of The Total Environment 2020 724
- Argyrios Papadopoulos, Ioannis T. Tzifas, Harilaos TsikosMinerals 2019 9 8
- Sophia KalantzakosThe International Spectator 2020 55 3
- Toward a dynamic evaluation of mineral criticality: Introducing the framework of criticality systemsYe Yuan, Mohan Yellishetty, Mario A. Muñoz, Stephen A. NortheyJournal of Industrial Ecology 2019 23 5
- Rupert J. Myers, Barbara K. Reck, T. E. GraedelScientific Data 2019 6 1
- A framework for good practices to assess abiotic mineral resource depletion in Life Cycle AssessmentMarilys Pradel, Julien Garcia, Mikko Samuli VaijaJournal of Cleaner Production 2021 279
- Marc Wentker, Matthew Greenwood, Marius Chofor Asaba, Jens LekerJournal of Energy Storage 2019 26
- Rosario Vidal, Jaume-Adrià Alberola-Borràs, Iván Mora-SeróResources Policy 2020 68
- Cihan Mermer, Hatice ŞengülJournal of Cleaner Production 2020 270
- Anthony Y. KuSustainable Materials and Technologies 2018 15
- Krzysztof Galos, Ewa Lewicka, Anna Burkowicz, Katarzyna Guzik, Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska, Jarosław Kamyk, Jarosław SzlugajResources Policy 2021 70
- Shoki Kosai, Muku Yuasa, Eiji YamasueEnergies 2020 13 8
- Philip Nuss, Hajime Ohno, Wei-Qiang Chen, T.E. GraedelResources, Conservation and Recycling 2019 145
- Yael Díaz-Acha, Marc Campeny, Esperança Tauler, Josep Bosch, Joan Carles Melgarejo, Antoni Camprubí, Cristina Villanova-de-Benavent, Susana E. Jorge-Villar, Iria Díaz-Ontiveros, David Fernández-Lluch, Joaquín A. Proenza, Aleu Andreazini, Míriam PastorMinerals 2019 10 1
- Kathryn M. Goodenough, Frances WallMineralogical Magazine 2016 80 1
- Rosalie Arendt, Marco Muhl, Vanessa Bach, Matthias FinkbeinerResources Policy 2020 67
- Felix Müller, Jan Kosmol, Hermann Keßler, Michael Angrick, Bettina RechenbergResources 2017 6 4
- Guilhem Grimaud, Nicolas Perry, Bertrand LaratteProcedia CIRP 2018 69
- Christopher J RhodesScience Progress 2019 102 4
- Matthew Lawson, Izaak Williamson, Zhun-Yong Ong, Lan LiComputational Condensed Matter 2019 19
- Lyushui Zuo, Chang Wang, Glen David Corder, Qiao SunResources, Conservation and Recycling 2019 149
- Xin Sun, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu, Fuquan ZhaoResources Policy 2020 65
- R. Eggert, D. Cahen, L. Cifarelli, D. Ginley, A. Slaoui, A. Terrasi, F. WagnerEPJ Web of Conferences 2017 148
- Cory D. Jensen, Nastassja A. LewinskiCurrent Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2018 12
- Emily Schnebele, Kishor Jaiswal, Nicolas Luco, Nedal T. NassarResources Policy 2019 63
- Shule Li, Jingjing Yan, Qiuming Pei, Jinghua Sha, Siyu Mou, Yong XiaoSustainability 2019 11 9
- Lucy Muruchi, Nicolas Schaeffer, Helena Passos, Carlos M. N. Mendonça, João A. P. Coutinho, Yecid P. JimenezACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2019 7 1
- Alessio Miatto, Barbara K. Reck, James West, Thomas E. GraedelResources, Conservation and Recycling 2020 162
- Alysha G. McNeil, Robert L. Linnen, Roberta L. Flemming, Mostafa FayekAmerican Mineralogist 2020 105 7
- Luca Silvestri, Antonio Forcina, Cecilia Silvestri, Marzia TraversoJournal of Cleaner Production 2021 292
- Ruby T. Nguyen, Donna L. Baek, Bryna J. Haile, Mary E. Case, Carson C. Cole, Mike H. Severson, Liam N. CarlsonWaste Management 2020 109
- LI XiaoFeng, XU Jing, ZHU YiTing, Lü YouHuActa Petrologica Sinica 2019 35 11
- Hironaga Akita, Yuya Itoiri, Sota Ihara, Noriyo Takeda, Akinori Matsushika, Zen-ichiro KimuraArchives of Microbiology 2020 202 7
- Philipp Schäfer, Mario SchmidtEnvironmental Science & Technology 2019
- M. M. Falinski, R. S. Turley, J. Kidd, A. W. Lounsbury, M. Lanzarini-Lopes, A. Backhaus, H. E. Rudel, M. K. M. Lane, C. L. Fausey, A. C. Barrios, J. E. Loyo-Rosales, F. Perreault, W. S. Walker, L. B. Stadler, M. Elimelech, J. L. Gardea-Torresdey, P. Westerhoff, J. B. ZimmermanEnvironmental Science: Nano 2020 7 11
- Carlos F. Blanco, Stefano Cucurachi, Frank Dimroth, Jeroen B. Guinée, Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg, Martina G. VijverEnergy & Environmental Science 2020 13 11
- Dimitra Ioannidou, Régis Pommier, Guillaume Habert, Guido SonnemannResources, Conservation and Recycling 2019 146
- Ahamed Ashiq, Asitha Cooray, Srikanth Chakravartula Srivatsa, Meththika Vithanage2020
- Robert Pell, Frances Wall, Xiaoyu YanApplied Earth Science 2017 126 2
- Grégoire Le Brun, Jean-Pierre RaskinProcedia CIRP 2020 90
- Juris Burlakovs, Zane Vincevica-Gaile, Maris Krievans, Yahya Jani, Mika Horttanainen, Kaur-Mikk Pehme, Elina Dace, Roy Hendroko Setyobudi, Jovita Pilecka, Gintaras Denafas, Inga Grinfelde, Amit Bhatnagar, Vasiliy Rud, Vita Rudovica, Ronald L. Mersky, Olga Anne, Mait Kriipsalu, Ruta Ozola-Davidane, Toomas Tamm, Maris KlavinsMinerals 2020 10 6
- Linbin Tang, Peng Wang, Thomas E. Graedel, Stefan Pauliuk, Keying Xiang, Yan Ren, Wei-Qiang ChenResources, Conservation and Recycling 2020 158
- Callie W. Babbitt, Shahana Althaf, Fernanda Cruz Rios, Melissa M. Bilec, T.E. GraedelOne Earth 2021 4 3
- Zhiming Zhang, Yi Xiong, Huan Chen, Youneng TangEnvironmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2020 6 8
- Xia Kang, Laszlo Csetenyi, Geoffrey Michael GaddEnvironmental Microbiology 2021
- Noel Moreira, José Roseiro, Miguel Maia, Diogo São Pedro, Paula Afonso, Pedro NogueiraRevista de Ciência Elementar 2020 8 1
- Disna Eheliyagoda, Xianlai Zeng, Jinhui LiHumanities and Social Sciences Communications 2020 7 1
- Daniel SmithApplied Earth Science 2021
- Shiwei Yu, Haoran Duan, Jinhua ChengResources Policy 2021 70
- Nikhil Kalathil, John J. Byrnes, Lucien Randazzese, Daragh P. Hartnett, Christina A. FreymanFrontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics 2018 2
- Lucien Reclaru, Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Catalin Adrian Miu, Alexandru Florian GrecuMaterials 2020 13 7
- R Siringo, H Herdiyansyah, R D Kusumastuti, A E LuciantoIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019 703
- Sebastian Kranich, Sandra Krommes, Rosina RiederNachhaltigkeitsManagementForum | Sustainability Management Forum 2019 27 1
- António Mateus, Luís MartinsMineral Economics 2020
- Qiao-Chu Wang, Peng Wang, Yang Qiu, Tao Dai, Wei-Qiang ChenEnvironmental Science & Technology 2020 54 22
- Kiyoshi Matsuyama, Noriyuki Tomiyasu, Kaho Inoue, Riku Yokomizo, Tetsuya Okuyama, Hiroyuki MutoThe Journal of Supercritical Fluids 2020 160
- Mohammad El Wali, Saeed Rahimpour Golroudbary, Andrzej KraslawskiScience of The Total Environment 2021 777
- Jessica Dunn, Margaret Slattery, Alissa Kendall, Hanjiro Ambrose, Shuhan ShenEnvironmental Science & Technology 2021
- Anne Bouter, Emmanuel Hache, Cyprien Ternel, Sandra BeauchetThe International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2020 25 8
- L. Gutiérrez, G. Stepien, L. Gutiérrez, M. Pérez-Hernández, J. Pardo, J. Pardo, V. Grazú, J.M. de la Fuente2017
- Steffen Kiemel, Tom Smolinka, Franz Lehner, Johannes Full, Alexander Sauer, Robert MieheInternational Journal of Energy Research 2021
- M V Grafkina, E Y Sviridova, A V PitryukIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019 582
- Eliette Restrepo, Amund N. Løvik, Rolf Widmer, Patrick Wäger, Daniel B. MüllerResources, Conservation & Recycling: X 2020 6
- Abhishek Parija, Wasif Zaheer, Junsang Cho, Theodore E. G. Alivio, Sirine C. Fakra, Mohammed Al-Hashimi, David Prendergast, Sarbajit BanerjeeChemical Physics Reviews 2021 2 1
- Sho SASAKI, Kazuyo MATSUBAE, Kenichi NAKAJIMA, Shinsuke MURAKAMI, Tetsuya NAGASAKAJournal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 2017 13 1
- Valentin Lacanau, Françoise Bonneté, Patrick Wagner, Martine Schmitt, Daniel Meyer, Frédéric Bihel, Christiane Contino‐Pépin, Damien BourgeoisChemSusChem 2020 13 19
- Éléonore Lèbre, John R. Owen, Martin Stringer, Deanna Kemp, Rick K. ValentaEnvironmental Science & Technology 2021
- Anthony Kung, Kamila Svobodova, Eléonore Lèbre, Rick Valenta, Deanna Kemp, John R. OwenJournal of Environmental Management 2021 279
- Katarzyna Chruszcz-Lipska, Bogumiła Winid, Gabriela Anna Madalska, Jan Macuda, Łukasz ŁukańkoMinerals 2020 11 1
- Steve Kappenthuler, Stefan SeegerOcean Engineering 2021 219
- Lixi Liu, Gregory A. KeoleianResources, Conservation and Recycling 2020 159
- Selim Karkour, Tomohiko Ihara, Tadahiro Kuwayama, Kazuki Yamaguchi, Norihiro ItsuboEnergies 2021 14 2
- Yongquan Liu, Shujuan Diao, Yan ChangIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019 300
- Lisa Bongartz, Shivenes Shammugam, Estelle Gervais, Thomas SchleglJournal of Cleaner Production 2021 292
- Wei-Qiang Chen, Zi-Jie Ma, Stefan Pauliuk, Tao WangResources 2019 8 2
- Pierre Gaffuri, Elena Stolyarova, Daniel Llerena, Estelle Appert, Marianne Consonni, Stéphane Robin, Vincent ConsonniRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021 143
- Leiting Shen, Fiseha Tesfaye, Xiaobin Li, Daniel Lindberg, Pekka TaskinenMinerals Engineering 2021 161
- Christoph Helbig, Dieuwertje Schrijvers, Alessandra HoolOne Earth 2021 4 3
- Helena Passos, Brayan Cruz, Nicolas Schaeffer, Carla Patinha, Eduardo Ferreira da Silva, João A. P. CoutinhoACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2021 9 10
- Rachana Vidhi, Prasanna Shrivastava, Abhishek ParikhClean Technologies 2021 3 1
- Sara Bjørn Aaen, Anne Merrild Hansen, Anastasios KladisThe Extractive Industries and Society 2021
- Jakob Kullik, Marc SchmidSIRIUS – Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen 2021 5 1
- Montserrat FilellaEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research 2020 27 16
- Duygu Karabelli, Steffen Kiemel, Soumya Singh, Jan Koller, Simone Ehrenberger, Robert Miehe, Max Weeber, Kai Peter BirkeFrontiers in Energy Research 2020 8
- Philip NussJournal of Industrial Ecology 2016 20 4
- Angela Ciotola, Maryegli Fuss, Simone Colombo, Witold-Roger PoganietzJournal of Energy Storage 2021 33
- Grégoire Meylan, Boundia Alexandre Thiombiano, Quang Bao LeEcological Indicators 2021 124
- Sina Wrede, Haining TianPhysical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2020 22 25
- Congren Yang, Xianlai Zeng, Haodong Li, Zuyuan Tian, Wei Liu, Wenqing Qin, Jinhui LiFrontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2021 15 6
- Willis Gwenzi, Nyarai M. Mupatsi, Munyaradzi Mtisi, Allan A. Mungazi2021 53
Article usage
Criticality of metals and metalloids
T. E. Graedel, E. M. Harper, N. T. Nassar, Philip Nuss, Barbara K. Reck
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Apr 2015, 112 (14) 4257-4262; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500415112
Citation Manager Formats
Article Classifications
- Physical Sciences
- Sustainability Science
Sign up for Article Alerts
Jump to section
You May Also be Interested in
Muons penetrate much further than X-rays, they do essentially zero damage, and they are provided for free by the cosmos.
Image credit: Science Source/Digital Globe.
Researchers are exploring whether these ubiquitous fluorinated molecules might worsen infections or hamper vaccine effectiveness.
Image credit: Shutterstock/Dmitry Naumov.
One protein seems to play a key role in touch sensitivity for flytraps and other meat-eating plants.
Image credit: Shutterstock/Kuttelvaserova Stuchelova.
Adam Mastroianni and Daniel Gilbert explore why conversations almost never end when people want them to.
A study finds that giant pandas roll in horse manure to increase their cold tolerance.
Image credit: Fuwen Wei.