New Research In
Physical Sciences
Social Sciences
Featured Portals
Articles by Topic
Biological Sciences
Featured Portals
Articles by Topic
- Agricultural Sciences
- Anthropology
- Applied Biological Sciences
- Biochemistry
- Biophysics and Computational Biology
- Cell Biology
- Developmental Biology
- Ecology
- Environmental Sciences
- Evolution
- Genetics
- Immunology and Inflammation
- Medical Sciences
- Microbiology
- Neuroscience
- Pharmacology
- Physiology
- Plant Biology
- Population Biology
- Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
- Sustainability Science
- Systems Biology
Quality of evidence revealing subtle gender biases in science is in the eye of the beholder
Edited by Susan T. Fiske, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved September 16, 2015 (received for review May 31, 2015)

Online Impact
Article Information
- Published in issue October 27, 2015.
- Published first October 12, 2015.
Author Information
- aDepartment of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3440;
- bDepartment of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 33224;
- cDepartment of Psychology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
Edited by Susan T. Fiske, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved September 16, 2015 (received for review May 31, 2015)
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: ihandley{at}montana.edu.
Author contributions: I.M.H., E.R.B., C.A.M.-R., and J.L.S. designed research; E.R.B. and J.L.S. performed research; I.M.H., E.R.B., and J.L.S. analyzed data; and I.M.H., E.R.B., C.A.M.-R., and J.L.S. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1510649112/-/DCSupplemental.
Cited By...
This article has been cited by the following articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.
- Markus Helmer, Manuel Schottdorf, Andreas Neef, Demian BattagliaeLife 2017 6
- Molly M. King, Carl T. Bergstrom, Shelley J. Correll, Jennifer Jacquet, Jevin D. WestSocius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 2017 3
- Pavel V. Ovseiko, Trisha Greenhalgh, Paula Adam, Jonathan Grant, Saba Hinrichs-Krapels, Kathryn E. Graham, Pamela A. Valentine, Omar Sued, Omar F. Boukhris, Nada M. Al Olaqi, Idrees S. Al Rahbi, Anne-Maree Dowd, Sara Bice, Tamika L. Heiden, Michael D. Fischer, Sue Dopson, Robyn Norton, Alexandra Pollitt, Steven Wooding, Gert V. Balling, Ulla Jakobsen, Ellen Kuhlmann, Ineke Klinge, Linda H. Pololi, Reshma Jagsi, Helen Lawton Smith, Henry Etzkowitz, Mathias W. Nielsen, Carme Carrion, Maite Solans‐Domènech, Esther Vizcaino, Lin Naing, Quentin H. N. Cheok, Baerbel Eckelmann, Moses C. Simuyemba, Temwa Msiska, Giovanna Declich, Laurel D. Edmunds, Vasiliki Kiparoglou, Alison M. J. Buchan, Catherine Williamson, Graham M. Lord, Keith M. Channon, Rebecca Surender, Alastair M. BuchanHealth Research Policy and Systems 2016 14 1
- Dawn Langan Teele, Kathleen ThelenPS: Political Science & Politics 2017 50 02
- Darae Ko, Faisal Rahman, Maria A. P. Martins, Elaine M. Hylek, Patrick T. Ellinor, Renate B. Schnabel, Emelia J. Benjamin, Ingrid E. ChristophersenNature Reviews Cardiology 2017 14 2
- Heidi BlackburnScience & Technology Libraries 2017 36 3
- Kevin S. Bonham, Melanie I. Stefan, Carl T. BergstromPLOS Computational Biology 2017 13 10
- Kathleen E. GroganNature Ecology & Evolution 2019 3 1
- Colleen M. Ganley, Casey E. George, Joseph R. Cimpian, Martha B. MakowskiAmerican Educational Research Journal 2018 55 3
- Imogen R Coe, Ryan Wiley, Linda-Gail BekkerThe Lancet 2019 393 10171
- Shelley J. CorrellGender & Society 2017 31 6
- Aleksandra Cislak, Magdalena Formanowicz, Tamar SaguyScientometrics 2018 115 1
- Rebecca L. Matz, Benjamin P. Koester, Stefano Fiorini, Galina Grom, Linda Shepard, Charles G. Stangor, Brad Weiner, Timothy A. McKayAERA Open 2017 3 4
- B. Mitchneck, J. L. Smith, M. LatimerScience 2016 352 6282
- Felix Danbold, Yuen J. HuoJournal of Experimental Social Psychology 2017 72
- Campbell Leaper, Christine R. StarrPsychology of Women Quarterly 2019 43 2
- Laura R. Parker, Margo J. Monteith, Corinne A. Moss-Racusin, Amanda R. Van CampJournal of Experimental Social Psychology 2018 74
- Katherine E Sleeman, Jonathan Koffman, Irene J HigginsonBMJ Supportive & Palliative Care 2019 9 2
- Dana L. Helmreich, J. Paul Bolam, John J. FoxeEuropean Journal of Neuroscience 2017 46 9
- Ann Brower, Alex James, Fiona CuthillPLOS ONE 2020 15 1
- Patricia E. Salerno, Mónica Páez-Vacas, Juan M. Guayasamin, Jennifer L. Stynoski, Pablo Dorta-GonzálezPLOS ONE 2019 14 6
- Carolina M. Franco-Orozco, Bárbara Franco-OrozcoFrontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences 2018 5
- Joseph T. King, Nancy R. Angoff, John N. Forrest, Amy C. JusticeAcademic Medicine 2018 93 6
- Judit García-González, Patricia Forcén, Maria Jimenez-Sanchez, Luís A. Nunes AmaralPLOS ONE 2019 14 12
- Marcela LinkováGender a výzkum / Gender and Research 2017 18 1
- Patrick Grim, Daniel J. Singer, Aaron Bramson, Bennett Holman, Sean McGeehan, William J. BergerPhilosophy of Science 2019 86 1
- Jyotsna Vaid, Lisa GeraciFeminism & Psychology 2016 26 3
- Raphaël Beck, Véronique HalloinResearch Evaluation 2017 26 2
- Mark R. Hinder, Hakuei Fujiyama, Ann-Maree VallenceBrain Stimulation 2017 10 1
- Andrea L. Popp, Stefanie R. Lutz, Sina Khatami, Tim H. M. Emmerik, Wouter J. M. KnobenEarth and Space Science 2019 6 8
- Laura PalumboThe Journal of Academic Librarianship 2016 42 3
- Alex James, Rose Chisnall, Michael J. PlankRoyal Society Open Science 2019 6 9
- Aaron Lawson McLeanBrain Stimulation 2019 12 3
- Bedoor AlShebli, Kinga Makovi, Talal RahwanNature Communications 2020 11 1
- Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, Paweł Jurek, Tomasz Besta, Sylwia BadowskaFrontiers in Psychology 2017 8
- Tanya L. Crenshaw, Erin W. Chambers, Cinda Heeren, Heather E. MetcalfFrontiers in Psychology 2017 8
- Anna-Katharine Brem, Soili M. Lehto, Daniel Keeser, Frank PadbergEuropean Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2017 267 S2
- Elizabeth M. AdamowiczFEMS Microbiology Letters 2017 364 6
- Jasmien Khattab, Daan van Knippenberg, Anne Nederveen Pieterse, Morela HernandezAcademy of Management Review 2020 45 1
- Janet A. Lydecker, Carlos M. GriloPreventive Medicine 2017 105
- Nikola Komlenac, Marie Gustafsson Sendén, Petra Verdonk, Margarethe Hochleitner, Heidi SillerAdvances in Health Sciences Education 2019 24 3
- Ji-ping Gao, Cheng Su, Hai-yan Wang, Li-hua Zhai, Yun-tao PanScientometrics 2019 119 2
- Karen A WalkerAnnals of the Entomological Society of America 2018 111 6
- Robert L. Reece, Margaret C. HardyAnnals of the Entomological Society of America 2017 110 5
- Romy van der Lee, Naomi EllemersProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2015 112 50
- Rudy KahsarEnergy Research & Social Science 2019 53
- Rose Dormanen, Courtney S. Sanders, Joseph Maffly-Kipp, Jessi L. Smith, Matthew VessPsychology of Women Quarterly 2020 44 4
- Jiachao Wang, David S. Tait, Verity J. Brown, Eric M. BowmanBehavioural Brain Research 2019 372
- Marcela LinkováGender a výzkum / Gender and Research 2017 18 1
- Ho Fai Chan, Benno TorglerScientometrics 2020 125 3
- Eugene Judson, Lydia Ross, Kristi GlassmeyerResearch in Higher Education 2019 60 7
- Diego A. Reinero, Julian A. Wills, William J. Brady, Peter Mende-Siedlecki, Jarret T. Crawford, Jay J. Van BavelPerspectives on Psychological Science 2020 15 6
- Rowena Johnston, Suteeraporn Pinyakorn, Jintanat AnanworanichJournal of Virus Eradication 2016 2 2
- Silvia Moscatelli, Michela Menegatti, Naomi Ellemers, Marco Giovanni Mariani, Monica RubiniSex Roles 2020 83 5-6
- Richard A. SeigelJournal of Herpetology 2016 50 4
- Gili Freedman, Max Seidman, Mary Flanagan, Geoff Kaufman, Melanie C. GreenJournal of Experimental Social Psychology 2018 78
- Ruth A. EtzelJAMA Network Open 2018 1 3
- Rachael D. Robnett, Jennifer E. JohnChild Development 2020 91 1
- Brenda G. Fahy, Deborah J. Culley, Mohammed Almualim, Barbara Flores González, Rogerio Almeida Moreno Santos, Peggy White, Terrie VasilopoulosJournal of Critical Care 2020
- Actions developed by the Brazilian Physiological Society to promote women’s participation in sciencePâmela B. Mello-Carpes, Alice Rangel de Paiva Abreu, Fernanda Staniscuaski, Mauren Assis Souza, Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos, Maria Cláudia IrigoyenAdvances in Physiology Education 2019 43 2
- Sarah Saska, Bipasha BaruahSSRN Electronic Journal 2016
- Mona L. Becker, Melanie R. NilssonJournal of Chemical Education 2021
- Christine Cuskley, Seán G Roberts, Stephen Politzer-Ahles, Tessa VerhoefJournal of Language Evolution 2019
- Julia Laskin, Stephen Blanksby, Zheng OuyangInternational Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2020 455
- Sascha K. Hooker, Samantha E. Simmons, Alison K. Stimpert, Birgitte I. McDonaldMarine Mammal Science 2017 33 3
- Mike ThelwallQuantitative Science Studies 2020
- Shannon M Ruzycki, Allison Brown, Aleem Bharwani, Georgina FreemanBMJ Leader 2021
- Anna Leuschner, Manuela Fernández PintoPhilosophy of Science 2021
- STACEY GOGUENDialogue 2018 57 2
- Jill Allen, Jessi L. Smith, Lynda B. RansdellEquality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 2019 38 2
- Fiona Kate Barlow, Raine Vickers-Jones, Beatrice Alba, Emma Williamson, Vicki Hutton2021
- İlknur Haberal Can, Armağan İncesulu, Hülya Eyigör, Yeşim Şenol, Cüneyt Orhan KaraEuropean Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2020
- Merryn McKinnon, Christine O’ConnellHumanities and Social Sciences Communications 2020 7 1
- Steve Stewart‐Williams, Chern Yi Marybeth Chang, Xiu Ling Wong, Jesse D. Blackburn, Andrew G. ThomasBritish Journal of Psychology 2020
- Na LiThe Asia-Pacific Education Researcher 2021
- Jacqueline D. LauConservation Biology 2020 34 6
- Lynn Farrell, Zachary W Petzel, Teresa McCormack, Rhiannon N Turner, Karen Rafferty, Ioana M LatuBioScience 2020
- Heidi Blackburn, Jason HepplerFrontiers in Psychology 2020 10
- Veronica Slobodian, Karla D.A. Soares, Rafaela L. Falaschi, Laura R. Prado, Priscila Camelier, Thaís B. Guedes, Laura C. Leal, Annie S. Hsiou, Glaucia Del-Rio, Eliza R. Costa, Karla R.C. Pereira, Annelise B. D’Angiolella, Shirliane de A. Sousa, Luisa M. Diele-ViegasZoologia 2021 38
- Camilla R. Fisher, Christopher D. Thompson, Rowan H. BrookesInternational Journal of Science Education 2020 42 9
Article usage
Citation Manager Formats
Sign up for Article Alerts
Article Classifications
- Social Sciences
- Psychological and Cognitive Sciences