Better explicating the strengths and shortcomings of these models will help refine projections and improve transparency in the years ahead.
Image credit: Witsawat.S.
Edited by Richard Ivry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and accepted by the Editorial Board October 26, 2015 (received for review July 30, 2015)
Significance
No neural region has been associated with more conflicting accounts of its function than the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), with claims that it contributes to executive processing, conflict monitoring, pain, and salience. However, these claims are based on forward inference analysis, which is the wrong tool for making such claims. Using Neurosynth, an automated brainmapping database, we performed reverse inference analyses to explore the best psychological account of dACC function. Although forward inference analyses reproduced the findings that many processes activate the dACC, reverse inference analyses demonstrated that the dACC is selective for pain and that pain-related terms were the single best reverse inference for this region. This finding has implications for our understanding of pain and distress-related psychological disorders.
Abstract
Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation is commonly observed in studies of pain, executive control, conflict monitoring, and salience processing, making it difficult to interpret the dACC’s specific psychological function. Using Neurosynth, an automated brainmapping database [of over 10,000 functional MRI (fMRI) studies], we performed quantitative reverse inference analyses to explore the best general psychological account of the dACC function P(Ψ process|dACC activity). Results clearly indicated that the best psychological description of dACC function was related to pain processing—not executive, conflict, or salience processing. We conclude by considering that physical pain may be an instance of a broader class of survival-relevant goals monitored by the dACC, in contrast to more arbitrary temporary goals, which may be monitored by the supplementary motor area.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: lieber{at}ucla.edu.
Author contributions: M.D.L. analyzed data; and M.D.L. and N.I.E. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. R.I. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1515083112/-/DCSupplemental.
The dACC is selective for pain
Article Classifications
- Biological Sciences
- Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
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- Abstract
- Step 1: Locating the dACC
- Step 2: Forward Inference in the dACC
- Step 3: Reverse Inference in the dACC
- Neural Alarm Account of dACC
- Arbitrary vs. Survival Goal Conflicts
- Limitations
- Conclusions
- Materials and Methods
- Affective vs. Sensory Aspects of Pain in dACC
- Paracingulate Sulcus
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