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Edited by William H. Schlesinger, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, and approved December 9, 2015 (received for review July 25, 2015)
Significance
Forests dominate carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. We demonstrate how an intensified climatic influence on tree growth during the last 120 y has increased spatial synchrony in annual ring-width patterns within contrasting (boreal and Mediterranean) Eurasian biomes and on broad spatial scales. Current trends in tree growth synchrony are related to regional changes in climate factors controlling productivity, overriding local and taxonomic imprints on forest carbon dynamics. Enhanced synchrony is becoming a widespread, although regionally dependent, phenomenon related to warmer springs and increased temperature variability in high latitudes and to warmer winters and drier growing seasons in mid-latitudes.
Abstract
Forests play a key role in the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems. One of the main uncertainties in global change predictions lies in how the spatiotemporal dynamics of forest productivity will be affected by climate warming. Here we show an increasing influence of climate on the spatial variability of tree growth during the last 120 y, ultimately leading to unprecedented temporal coherence in ring-width records over wide geographical scales (spatial synchrony). Synchrony in growth patterns across cold-constrained (central Siberia) and drought-constrained (Spain) Eurasian conifer forests have peaked in the early 21st century at subcontinental scales (∼1,000 km). Such enhanced synchrony is similar to that observed in trees co-occurring within a stand. In boreal forests, the combined effects of recent warming and increasing intensity of climate extremes are enhancing synchrony through an earlier start of wood formation and a stronger impact of year-to-year fluctuations of growing-season temperatures on growth. In Mediterranean forests, the impact of warming on synchrony is related mainly to an advanced onset of growth and the strengthening of drought-induced growth limitations. Spatial patterns of enhanced synchrony represent early warning signals of climate change impacts on forest ecosystems at subcontinental scales.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: jvoltas{at}pvcf.udl.cat.
Author contributions: T.A.S., E.G., and J.V. designed research; T.A.S. and J.V. performed research; E.G., A.V.K., J.J.C., M.G., A.A.K., J.C.L., and R.S.-S. contributed data; T.A.S. and J.V. analyzed data; and T.A.S., E.G., A.V.K., J.J.C., M.G., A.A.K., J.C.L., V.R.d.D., R.S.-S., and J.V. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1514717113/-/DCSupplemental.
Synchronous tree growth in response to warming
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- Ecology
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