Complex visual signaling and semantics in deep-ocean-dwelling cephalopods.
Image credit: © 2010 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI).
New Research In
Physical Sciences
Featured Portals
Articles by Topic
Biological Sciences
Featured Portals
Articles by Topic
Edited by Barry R. Bloom, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, and approved June 27, 2017 (received for review January 25, 2017)
See related content:
Significance
Suicide is a stark indicator of human hardship, yet the causes of these deaths remain understudied, particularly in developing countries. This analysis of India, where one fifth of the world’s suicides occur, demonstrates that the climate, particularly temperature, has strong influence over a growing suicide epidemic. With 47 y of suicide records and climate data, I show that high temperatures increase suicide rates, but only during India’s growing season, when heat also reduces crop yields. My results are consistent with widely cited theories of economic suicide in India. Moreover, these findings have important implications for future climate change; I estimate that warming temperature trends over the last three decades have already been responsible for over 59,000 suicides throughout India.
Abstract
More than three quarters of the world’s suicides occur in developing countries, yet little is known about the drivers of suicidal behavior in poor populations. I study India, where one fifth of global suicides occur and suicide rates have doubled since 1980. Using nationally comprehensive panel data over 47 y, I demonstrate that fluctuations in climate, particularly temperature, significantly influence suicide rates. For temperatures above 20 °C, a 1 °C increase in a single day’s temperature causes ∼70 suicides, on average. This effect occurs only during India’s agricultural growing season, when heat also lowers crop yields. I find no evidence that acclimatization, rising incomes, or other unobserved drivers of adaptation are occurring. I estimate that warming over the last 30 y is responsible for 59,300 suicides in India, accounting for 6.8% of the total upward trend. These results deliver large-scale quantitative evidence linking climate and agricultural income to self-harm in a developing country.
Footnotes
- ↵1Email: tcarleton{at}berkeley.edu.
Author contributions: T.A.C. designed research, performed research, analyzed data, and wrote the paper.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1701354114/-/DCSupplemental.
Crop-damaging temperatures raise suicide in India
Sign up for Article Alerts
Article Classifications
- Social Sciences
- Sustainability Science
Jump to section
You May Also be Interested in
The bilaterian Ikaria wariootia represents one of the oldest organisms with anterior and posterior differentiation.
Image credit: Sohail Wasif (University of California, Riverside, CA).
Inadvertent introductions of herbivores can restore lost ecological functions.
Image credit: Jens-Christian Svenning.
Profile of NAS member and neuroscientist Christopher A. Walsh
Given the considerable uncertainty arising from underlying disease and social dynamics, detailed refinements to models often create a misleading sense of precision.
Image credit: Shutterstock/Travelerpix.