A study finds that human activity has led to a severe decrease in Caribbean shark abundance.
Image credit: Sean Mattson (International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia).
Edited by Alan R. Fersht, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and approved September 11, 2017 (received for review June 28, 2017)
Significance
Protein assembly into amyloid fibers underlies such neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) also involves amyloid formation, although in the pancreas. Because there are no cures for amyloid diseases and T2D is on the rise due to an increasing prevalence of obesity, identifying involved mechanisms and control processes is of utmost importance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate physiological and pathological communication both locally and at a distance. Here, we demonstrate that EVs secreted from healthy, but not from T2D, pancreatic cells slow amyloid formation of the major peptide found in amyloid deposits in T2D. We propose an EV-mediated process that tempers amyloid formation in the pancreas at normal conditions, which breaks down in T2D due to altered EV protein–lipid composition.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by cells to aid cell–cell communication and tissue homeostasis. Human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is the major component of amyloid deposits found in pancreatic islets of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). IAPP is secreted in conjunction with insulin from pancreatic β cells to regulate glucose metabolism. Here, using a combination of analytical and biophysical methods in vitro, we tested whether EVs isolated from pancreatic islets of healthy patients and patients with T2D modulate IAPP amyloid formation. We discovered that pancreatic EVs from healthy patients reduce IAPP amyloid formation by peptide scavenging, but T2D pancreatic and human serum EVs have no effect. In accordance with these differential effects, the insulin:C-peptide ratio and lipid composition differ between EVs from healthy pancreas and EVs from T2D pancreas and serum. It appears that healthy pancreatic EVs limit IAPP amyloid formation via direct binding as a tissue-specific control mechanism.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: pernilla.wittung{at}chalmers.se.
Author contributions: D.R., I.H., N.H., R.H., A.F., and P.W.-S. designed research; D.R. and I.H. performed research; D.R., I.H., N.H., and R.H. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; D.R., I.H., N.H., R.H., A.F., and P.W.-S. analyzed data; and P.W.-S. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1711389114/-/DCSupplemental.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
Pancreatic exosomes inhibit IAPP amyloid formation
Article Classifications
- Biological Sciences
- Biochemistry
Sign up for Article Alerts
Jump to section
You May Also be Interested in
A study suggests that male dragonflies will evolve smaller melanin wing patches by 2070 as global warming continues.
Image credit: Pixabay/liggraphy.
The largest pandemic-related declines in nitrogen dioxide pollution occurred in the least White census tracts in the United States, which nonetheless faced higher levels during the pandemic than most White communities before the pandemic.
Image credit: Pixabay/SD-Pictures.
The approach can enable faster, more diverse study enrollments. But uncontrolled environments could also potentially lead to faulty data and flawed conclusions.
Image credit: Shutterstock/Andrey_Popov.
Genome editing technology has grown too quickly, and stakeholders in the debate are too diverse, for current approaches to establish a robust regulatory regime.
Image credit: Shutterstock/vchal.