Muons penetrate much further than X-rays, they do essentially zero damage, and they are provided for free by the cosmos.
Image credit: Science Source/Digital Globe.
Edited by Jennifer A. Richeson, Yale University, New Haven, CT, and approved March 26, 2018 (received for review October 16, 2017)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Issue positions of self (average voter) and perceptions of Republican and Democratic presidential candidates, 2012–2016. Note that change over time in opinion (self) is significant for own opinions on trade and immigration but not for own opinions on China. Change over time in perceived candidate positions is significant for all three issues for placement of both Republican and Democratic candidates (P < 0.001).
- Fig. 2.
Net change in predicted probability of Republican vs. Democratic vote, 2012–2016. Note that bars represent change in predicted probability of voting for the Republican in 2016 vs. 2012 among validated voters. Calculations were based on predicted values from the regression model (Table 1) when setting the variable of interest at its wave 0 and wave 1 means (Table S1) and calculating the difference in probabilities of a Republican vote while holding all other variables at their wave 0 means. Positive values indicate increasing probabilities of a Republican vote choice.
- Fig. 3.
Status threat accounts for the impact of education on the 2016 presidential election. Note that bars represent the predictive strength of education on each of three different outcome measures after taking into account (i) demographics alone, (ii) demographics and economic predictors only, and (iii) demographics and threat indicators only. Details are in Table S5. ***P < 0.001.
Tables
- Table 1.
Predicting change in presidential support from 2012 to 2016: Fixed effects analysis
Change in predictors Model 1: Thermometer advantage Model 2: Vote choice among validated voters Effects of change in predictors on change in Republican thermometer advantage Effects of change in salience of 2012 predictors on change in Republican thermometer advantage (predictor by wave) Effects of change in predictors on change in presidential vote choice Effects of change in salience of 2012 predictors on change in presidential vote choice (predictor by wave) Coefficient z Value Coefficient z Value Coefficient z Value Coefficient z Value Party identification (Democrat) −0.686 −2.870** 0.275 1.420 −1.610 −8.121*** −0.551 −1.589 Personal economic hardship Household income −0.004 −0.080 −0.036 −1.070 −0.052 −1.082 −0.029 −0.399 Looking for work 0.006 0.010 0.624 0.760 −0.692 −0.691 −2.162 −1.481 Personal finances (better) −0.032 −0.190 −0.104 −0.540 −0.025 −0.107 0.228 0.545 Personal effects of trade (better) −0.303 −1.850 −0.253 −1.270 0.104 0.530 −0.321 −1.205 Own issue opinions On trade −0.037 −0.290 0.042 0.300 −0.029 −0.200 −0.261 −1.098 On immigration −0.170 −1.490 −0.219 −1.770 0.103 0.768 0.138 0.652 On China 0.190 1.640 0.002 0.020 0.112 0.821 −0.035 −0.154 Perceived distance of Democratic candidate on issues On trade 0.120 1.140 −0.108 −0.760 0.530 3.116** 0.166 0.890 On immigration 0.199 2.000* −0.086 −0.680 0.338 2.425* 0.099 0.422 On China 0.392 3.840*** 0.106 0.830 0.370 2.748*** −0.086 −0.315 Perceived distance of Republican candidate on issues On trade −0.213 −2.280* −0.034 −0.260 −0.484 −2.986** −0.239 −0.921 On immigration −0.010 −0.110 0.219 1.930 −0.418 −3.208** −0.274 −1.059 On China −0.206 −2.340* 0.072 0.650 −0.357 −2.963*** −0.017 −0.061 SDO 0.184 2.570* −0.022 −0.280 0.276 2.556* −0.046 −0.246 National economy −0.583 −3.730*** 0.083 0.440 −0.773 −3.884*** −0.296 −0.722 Economic context† Unemployed, % −0.035 −0.520 −0.077 −0.407 Manufacturing, % 0.018 0.900 −0.072 −1.712 Median income −0.007 −1.160 −0.011 −0.729 Wave (2012–2016) 0.811 0.620 5.396 2.165* Constant 12.710 10.590*** 3.981 2.663* R2/pseudo-R2 0.65 0.78 Sample size (n) 1,088 793 Note that results are based on single fixed effects models for thermometer advantage (columns 2 through 5) and vote choice among validated voters (columns 6 through 9) using robust SEs, and incorporating tests of both priming and change in attitudes over time. Fixed effects ordinary least squares regression was used to analyze change in Republican thermometer advantage; fixed effects logit regression was used to analyze Republican versus Democratic vote. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
↵† Information on economic context by zip code was available only once during this period, thus preventing estimation of the impact of changes in conditions over time.
Data supplements
Supporting Information
Status threat, not economic hardship, explains the 2016 presidential vote
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- Political Sciences
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