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Edited by John A. Rogers, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, and approved April 11, 2018 (received for review November 13, 2017)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
System architectures and device composition. (A) Overview of the intraoral electronics displaying quantification of sodium intake via real-time monitoring. (B) X-ray micrographs of an ultrathin intraoral electronics, conformably laminated on an oral retainer (Left), and colorized image of circuit interconnects (Right) on a porous membrane. (C) Photos of the electronics [backside view (Left) and top view (Right)], configured in a stretchable structure with a retainer. (D) Zoomed-in photo of the wireless electronics. (E) Exploded-view illustration of the multilayer composition of the electronics in D, including ICs, mesh interconnects, dielectric layer, and ground plane.
- Fig. 2.
Mechanical behaviors and reliability of wireless telemetry. (A) A device wrapped around a curved glass edge, showing the 180° bendability (radius of curvature: 1.5 mm). (B) FEA of the mesh structure upon 180° bending with a minimal strain (scale bar: maximum principal strain). (C) Electrical resistance of the device upon cyclic bending up to 180°. (D) Change of reflection coefficient (S11) of the antenna unit according to the frequency (gigahertz) when bending is applied from 0° to 180°. (E) Response of the RSSI according to the distance change. (F) FEA result of a stretched mesh interconnect with 20% biaxial stretching (scale bar: maximum principal strain). (G) Photo (Left) of an antenna and impedance matching network when 20% of strains are applied. The zoomed-in photo (Right) shows a mechanical stretching of the circuit as expected from the FEA result in F. (H) Stable electrical resistance upon cyclic stretching of the device up to 20%. (I) S11 response to the applied strains (20%). (J) RSSI response to the change of receiver distance and mechanical strain.
- Fig. 3.
Characterization of a breathable, porous material. (A) Illustration of a membrane integrating the fabricated electronics with ICs and stretchable interconnects. (B) SEM images of the cross-sectional view of the supporting substrate. (C) Comparison of porosity (percent) of materials including Eco30, PDMS, and SF15. (D) Measured permeability from four materials including PDMS, Eco30, SF15, and Tegaderm.
- Fig. 4.
Tissue compatibility and biological comfort. (A) Computational model for an oral cavity including the porous material. (B) Time-dependent temperature variation of materials on the palate in A. SF15 shows more enhanced heat dissipation than others. (C) Fast temperature distribution of SF15 when laminated on the oral tissue in A. (D) SEM images of cultured cells on a control sample (Top) and fabricated device (Bottom). (E) Fluorescence imaging of cultured cells on a control (Top) and device (Bottom), with green fluorescence indicating live cells. (F) Comparison of fluorescence intensity from live cells between the device and control.
- Fig. 5.
Demonstration of the device functionality. (A) Photo of a fabricated electronic device with a microstructured sodium sensor. (B) Composition of multilayers for the sodium sensor featuring working and reference electrodes. (C) Change of voltage amplitude (volts) from the sodium sensor according to the different sodium concentrations from 1 M to 10−4 M. (D) Amplitude change of the sodium sensor according to the input solutions, including Na, K, Ca, Mg, and citric acid. (E) Continuous sodium detection up to 1 wk with four different sodium concentrations from 10−3 M to 1 M. (F) Flowchart showing the overall process from sodium detection to data transfer. (G) Photo of in vivo testing setup with a human subject and an Android application. (H) Comparison of in vitro and in vivo data with various sodium concentrations. (I) Demonstration of real-time detection of veggie juice with high sodium concentration. (J) In vivo, real-time measurement of different foods with a human subject.
Data supplements
Supporting Information
- Download Appendix (PDF)
- Download Movie_S01 (MP4) - Wireless, real-time monitoring of sodium intake with various sodium concentrations.
Wireless, intraoral hybrid electronics for real-time quantification of sodium intake toward hypertension management
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- Engineering
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