Atmospheric methane levels increased over geological formations in Northern Siberia following a heat wave in 2020, suggesting that permafrost thaw releases methane from reservoirs.
Image credit: Wikimedia Commons.
Edited by George R. Milner, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Elsa M. Redmond April 12, 2018 (received for review December 13, 2017)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
LiDAR elevation model of Alken Enge showing excavation areas, previously uncovered finds (www.kulturarv.dk/fundogfortidsminder/), and sand spits (42). (Upper Right) Maximum extent of the Roman interest zone during the Augustinian campaigns ca. AD 4–9. Numbered finds are listed in SI Appendix, Supplementary Information 14. Graphics assistance courtesy of Casper S. Andersen (Aarhus University, Højbjerg, Denmark).
- Fig. 2.
Calibrated age probability distributions of all human individuals from Alken Enge.
- Fig. 3.
Main excavation area with distribution of the human remains and selected artifacts. The contours represent the levels of the human remains, which, in the northern excavation, correspond to the surface of the sand-spit deposits. Gray shading indicates the location of the sand spits.
- Fig. 4.
Examples of structured find situations. (A) Four ossa coxae threaded onto a stick. (B) Lower limbs from two individuals together with further disarticulated remains. Reprinted with permission from ref. 24, with permission from Elsevier. (C) Find assemblages of femur, tibia and fibula, and two small stones. Photos courtesy of P.J.
- Fig. 5.
(Upper) Distribution of unhealed trauma. (Lower) Examples of trauma and taphonomic traces. (A) Sharp force trauma to the back of the cranium. (B) Penetrating trauma on the frontal bone. (C) Sharp force trauma on the posterior part of a left femur. (D) Punctures on the femoral heads, reflecting scavenging animals. (E) Furrows on the proximal joint of two femora, reflecting scavenging animals. (F) Spiral fracture on three femora, reflecting bone breakage by larger carnivores. (G) Sharp force trauma on the posterior surface of two femora. (H) Sharp force trauma on the proximal lateral part of a left tibia. (I) Parallel grooves on the iliac fossa of a right os coxa. Photos courtesy of Museum Skanderborg and graphics courtesy of Casper S. Andersen (Aarhus University, Højbjerg, Denmark).
Data supplements
Supporting Information
Direct evidence of a large Northern European Roman period martial event and postbattle corpse manipulation
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- Anthropology
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