Reduction in kelp forests altered sea otter and sea urchin behavior, restructuring mechanisms of ecosystem control.
Image credit: Michael Langhans (photographer).
Edited by David A. Weitz, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved May 9, 2018 (received for review February 9, 2018)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Schematic of the laser and X-ray beamlines. The laser beam (red) is incident upon a gas cell, producing an electron beam (blue) and an X-ray beam (green). All components are inside a vacuum chamber with the exception of the X-ray camera. The sample is kept at atmospheric pressure inside a secondary chamber.
- Fig. 2.
Characterization of the laser-betatron X-ray beam. (A) Measured transmission through metallic filters, with overlaid equivalent thicknesses of water in centimeters at this X-ray energy. (B) Distribution of X-ray critical energies
- Fig. 3.
Tomographic imaging of a 14.5-dpc mouse embryo. (A–D) Single X-ray projections (A and B) and sagittal slices from 3D reconstruction (C and D). A and C were acquired with the laser-betatron source and B and D with a commercial microfocus scanner.
- Fig. 4.
An isosurface rendering of the reconstruction from the laser source is depicted in gray. A sagittal slice of the reconstruction is overlaid in blue. Enlarged sections of sagittal, coronal, and transverse slices around the heart and liver are plotted in A and B, respectively. (Scale bars, 1 mm.)
- Fig. 5.
The average photon flux and characteristic energy of the X-ray source described here in comparison with previous results on laser-betatron X-ray sources (7, 11, 19–21). The lines represent the incident photon flux on a typical 4-MP detector after passing through 1 cm of water, assuming the X-ray beam fills the detector.
Data supplements
Supporting Information
- Download Appendix (PDF)
- Download Movie_S01 (M4V) - Volume rendering of the 3D tomographic reconstruction from the laser-betatron scan, rendered with the Drishti visualisation software. For computational ease this rendering was performed using a voxel array downsized by a factor of 5 in each dimension. Each of the voxels in the rendered array is the median of the nearest 125 voxels in the original array.
- Download Movie_S02 (AVI) - Tomographic reconstruction from the laser-betatron scan similar to that shown in Movie S1 but with the volume rendering options adjusted to make lower density regions appear more transparent, enhancing the appearance of internal features.
High-resolution μCT of a mouse embryo using a compact laser-driven X-ray betatron source
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- Physical Sciences
- Applied Physical Sciences
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