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Edited by Susan T. Fiske, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved August 15, 2018 (received for review April 5, 2018)
Significance
People often feel defensive when reminded of their unhealthy behavior. We propose that self-transcendence, encouraged by focusing on others’ well-being, can lessen subsequent focus on threatened aspects of the self and increase receptivity. We show that activating self-transcendent mindsets, either by reflecting on self-transcendent values or making positive wishes for others, increased activity in brain regions chosen for their role in positive valuation and reward. Furthermore, during subsequent health message exposure, self-transcendence increased activity in brain regions tracking message receptivity, which predicted later decreases in sedentary behavior. The current findings support the idea that having a positive, other-focused mindset can be a rewarding experience, and may allow people to see the personal value of potentially threatening yet beneficial health messages.
Abstract
Self-transcendence refers to a shift in mindset from focusing on self-interests to the well-being of others. We offer an integrative neural model of self-transcendence in the context of persuasive messaging by examining the mechanisms of self-transcendence in promoting receptivity to health messages and behavior change. Specifically, we posited that focusing on values and activities that transcend the self can allow people to see that their self-worth is not tied to a specific behavior in question, and in turn become more receptive to subsequent, otherwise threatening health information. To test whether inducing self-transcendent mindsets before message delivery would help overcome defensiveness and increase receptivity, we used two priming tasks, affirmation and compassion, to elicit a transcendent mindset among 220 sedentary adults. As preregistered, those who completed a self-transcendence task before health message exposure, compared with controls, showed greater increases in objectively logged levels of physical activity throughout the following month. In the brain, self-transcendence tasks up-regulated activity in a region of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, chosen for its role in positive valuation and reward processing. During subsequent health message exposure, self-transcendence priming was associated with increased activity in subregions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, implicated in self-related processing and positive valuation, which predicted later decreases in sedentary behavior. The present findings suggest that having a positive self-transcendent mindset can increase behavior change, in part by increasing neural receptivity to health messaging.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: yoona.kang{at}asc.upenn.edu or emily.falk{at}asc.upenn.edu.
Author contributions: Y.K., M.B.O., M.D.L., S.E.T., V.J.S., S.D.C., S.K., T.A.P., K.R., L.A., and E.B.F. designed research; Y.K., N.C., P.P., and C.S. performed research; M.B.O. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; Y.K., N.C., P.P., and M.B.O. analyzed data; Y.K. and E.B.F. wrote the paper; and E.B.F. oversaw the project.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
Data deposition: The data relevant to the central analyses have been deposited on GitHub and are available at https://github.com/cnlab/PhysicalActivity2/tree/master/data. The stimuli and detailed instructions for the main fMRI scanner tasks have been deposited on GitHub and are available at https://github.com/cnlab/PhysicalActivity2/tree/master/tasks.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1805573115/-/DCSupplemental.
Published under the PNAS license.
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Effects of self-transcendence on neural responses to persuasive messages and health behavior change
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