Muons penetrate much further than X-rays, they do essentially zero damage, and they are provided for free by the cosmos.
Image credit: Science Source/Digital Globe.
Edited by Mark Estelle, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, and approved September 26, 2018 (received for review July 9, 2018)
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- Published in issue November 6, 2018.
- Published first October 22, 2018.
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- Previous version (October 22, 2018 - 11:51).
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Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).
Author Information
- Qiang Guoa,1,
- Yuki Yoshidaa,1,
- Ian T. Majora,
- Kun Wanga,b,
- Koichi Sugimotoa,
- George Kapalia,c,
- Nathan E. Havkoa,c,
- Christoph Benninga,b, and
- Gregg A. Howea,b,c,2
- aDepartment of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824;
- bDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824;
- cPlant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
Edited by Mark Estelle, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, and approved September 26, 2018 (received for review July 9, 2018)
Footnotes
↵1Q.G. and Y.Y. contributed equally to this work.
- ↵2To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: howeg{at}msu.edu.
Author contributions: Q.G., Y.Y., I.T.M., C.B., and G.A.H. designed research; Q.G., Y.Y., I.T.M., K.W., K.S., G.K., and N.E.H. performed research; Q.G., Y.Y., I.T.M., C.B., and G.A.H. analyzed data; and Q.G., I.T.M., and G.A.H. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
Data deposition: The data reported in this paper have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo (accession no. GSE116681).
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1811828115/-/DCSupplemental.
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- Plant Biology
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