Although the evidence is still limited, a growing body of research suggests music may have beneficial effects for diseases such as Parkinson’s.
Image credit: Shutterstock/agsandrew.
New Research In
Physical Sciences
Featured Portals
Articles by Topic
Biological Sciences
Featured Portals
Articles by Topic
Contributed by Eric F. Lambin, January 8, 2018 (sent for review September 26, 2017; reviewed by Greg Distelhorst and Peter Kareiva)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Percent of companies that use a given SSP. Colors refer to major SSP groupings. A single company can use multiple SSPs.
- Fig. 2.
Type of audit conducted for external and internal standards. First-party audits are self-audits conducted by the supplier; second-party audits are conducted by the buying company; third-party audits are conducted by an independent body. “No Info” indicates that companies did not disclose whether an audit was conducted.
- Fig. 3.
How far down the supply chain each SSP applies for each SSP group.
Tables
Group SSP Definition External standard NGO-led standard Standard developed by an NGO Multi-stakeholder standard Standard developed by multiple parties, typically including companies, NGOs, producers and/or government agencies in governance positions Sector standard Standard developed by industry participants Voluntary government standard Standard developed by a government but voluntarily adopted by companies Geographic indication The product is sourced from a specific region where indication of the source is regulated, e.g., Appellation of Origin Internal standard Code of conduct The company policy, code of conduct or standard is developed unilaterally by a company and applicable only to that company’s supply chain Geographic exclusion Exclusion of suppliers from a particular geographical region Product/process exclusion Exclusion of products that are produced with a certain practice or that are in themselves considered unsustainable Approved supplier Supplier must pass a screening before becoming a supplier Preferred supplier Company gives preferential treatment (prices, payment terms, volumes) to specific suppliers Reformulated product Company changed the formulation of the product specifically to make it more sustainable Internal intervention Direct sourcing Direct contract between the focal company and producer or production cooperative, where the contract is implicitly contingent on social and/or environmental criteria Local sourcing Product is produced and sold within the same subnational region Investment in supply chain Company provides resources (materials, capital, and so forth) to actors in the supply chain Training of suppliers Company provides training to actors in their supply chain Recycled claim Products made at least in part with recycled materials, where the term “recycled” is not defined by a body external to the company To be categorized as an SSP, the practice must relate to social and/or environmental issues. See SI Materials and Methods for examples of each SSP.
- Table 2.
First-difference results of the simple logit model with Lasso model selection and estimation
Variable First difference 95% CI Independent variable High brand value (0/1) 0.07** 0.00, 0.17 Top-10 market share (0/1) 0.00 −0.09, 0.12 Revenue: log 5-y average 0.11*** 0.05, 0.18 Serves North America (0/1) 0.01 −0.04, 0.11 Serves Europe (0/1) 0.05** 0.00, 0.16 Serves Asia-Oceania (0/1) −0.15*** −0.25, −0.05 Serves multiple markets (0/1) −0.01 −0.12, 0.04 HQ environmental stringency −0.02 −0.10, 0.06 HQ NGO density, logged 0.11*** 0.04, 0.21 Operational risk (0/1) 0.09*** 0.02, 0.17 Consumer-facing (0/1) 0.11** 0.02, 0.23 Control variable Consumer Goods Forum member (0/1) −0.05 −0.16, 0.19 Adheres to GRI (0/1) 0.13** 0.03, 0.31 Food sector (0/1) −0.06 −0.13, 0.03 Wood-products sector (0/1) 0.11** 0.02, 0.32 Textile sector (0/1) 0.07** 0.00, 0.20 Sustainability report (0/1) 0.35*** 0.25, 0.47 Return on assets: 5-y average 0.00 −0.02, 0.04 *, **, and *** denote (two-tailed) significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% level, respectively. Significance levels are computed by bootstrapping observations. These results can be interpreted as the change in the predicted probability of adopting an SSP when moving from 0 to 1 for binary variables or from the 25th percentile to the 75th percentile for continuous variables, holding all else constant. Binary variables are denoted as (0/1).
Variable Measurement High brand value Company in the Interbrand or Reputation Institute list of companies with high brand value (56, 57) Top-10 market share Whether firm is one of top 10 companies by revenue in their sector Size of company Logged average company revenues over last 5 y Markets served If company derives 10%+ of revenues from Europe, North America, Asia-Oceania, and rest of world Serves multiple regions Company derives revenue from more than two continents HQ environmental stringency An equally weighted index of the World Economic Forum’s 2015 Executive Opinion Survey questions on perceived stringency and enforcement of environmental regulations and number of ratified international environmental treaties (58) HQ NGO density Logged number of international NGOs per 1,000 citizens (59) (International NGOs per country from the Yearbook of International Organizations; population data from the US Census Bureau’s International Database 2016). Operational risk Company mentions environmental, social, reputation, or regulatory risk of supply in corporate sustainability documents Consumer-facing Company has a brand visible to end consumers
Data supplements
Supporting Information
Sustainability in global supply chains
Sign up for Article Alerts
Article Classifications
- Social Sciences
- Sustainability Science
Jump to section
You May Also be Interested in
Biomedical communities and journals need to standardize nomenclature of gene products to enhance accuracy in scientific and public communication.
Image credit: Shutterstock/greenbutterfly.
Shapeshifting designs could have wide-ranging pharmaceutical and biomedical applications in coming years.
Image credit: Acacia Dishman/Medical College of Wisconsin.
Amanda Rodewald, Ivan Rudik, and Catherine Kling talk about the hazards of ozone pollution to birds.
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing can improve the effectiveness of spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in mice and livestock, a study finds.
Image credit: Jon M. Oatley.