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Contributed by Monica G. Turner, February 19, 2019 (sent for review October 22, 2018; reviewed by Mary L. Cadenasso and G. Darrel Jenerette)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
A mobile sensor was used to measure variability in air temperature in Madison, Wisconsin. (A) Ten transects were sampled on summer days. Pink and yellow transects (marked “N”) were also sampled at night. White dots represent stationary reference sensors. (Inset) Example of canopy and impervious cover. (B) Instrumentation including a fast-response, high-accuracy temperature sensor was mounted on a rear bicycle rack to facilitate continuous sampling at fine spatial scales and allow exchange among bicycles. (C) Raw temperature data (1 measurement/second) along a portion of one transect (same as A, Inset), demonstrating fine-scale variation in air temperature with changing land cover. Photos show land cover at various locations (indicated with arrows).
- Fig. 2.
Estimated smooth curves for the effect of increasing canopy cover (A–D) and impervious cover (E–H) within a surrounding radius of 10, 30, 60, and 90 m on daytime summer air temperature in Madison, Wisconsin. Black lines represent the mean, and shaded areas represent ±2 SE, both averaged across 100 models each containing 1% of the data. Mean and SEs were generated using type “iterms” in mgcv, such that SEs returned for smooth components include uncertainty about the intercept/overall mean (31). Edf represents effective degrees of freedom, averaged over all 100 models.
- Fig. 3.
Difference in daytime urban air temperature achieved through altering impervious and canopy cover within a radius of (A) 10 m, (B) 30 m, (C) 60 m, and (D) 90 m, from generalized additive model responses. Right-hand images in each panel show the scale of measurement, using an example of a medium-density neighborhood in Madison, Wisconsin. Models showed a strong relationship between observed and fitted values, with measures of model fit [adjusted R2, root mean square error (RMSE), labeled underneath scale bar] consistent both among the 100 models at each scale and across scales.
Data supplements
Supporting Information
Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer
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