Creating a neuroprosthesis for active tactile exploration of textures

^aDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
^bNeurorehabilitation Laboratory, Associação Alberto Santos Dumont para Apoio à Pesquisa (AASDAP), São Paulo, Brazil, 05440-000;
^cSchool of Engineering, Institute of Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1016 Lausanne, Switzerland;
^dDepartment of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710;
^eDuke Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710;
^fCenter for Bioelectric Interfaces of the Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia 101000;
^gDepartment of Information and Internet Technologies of Digital Health Institute, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia 119146;
^hDepartment of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710;
ⁱDepartment of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710;
^jDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
^kEdmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Macaíba, Brazil 59280-000

Edited by Giacomo Rizzolatti, University of Parma, Parma, Italy, and approved September 11, 2019 (received for review May 12, 2019)

Footnotes

↵¹J.E.O. and S.S. contributed equally to this work.
↵²Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Neuralink Corp., San Francisco, CA 94110.
↵³Present address: Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Bioengineering, EPFL, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.
↵⁴Present address: Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9160000 Santiago, Chile.
↵⁵To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: nicoleli{at}neuro.duke.edu.

Author contributions: J.E.O., S.S., M.A.L., and M.A.L.N. designed research; J.E.O., L.E.M., M.A.L., and M.A.L.N. performed research; J.E.O., S.S., M.A.L., and M.A.L.N. analyzed data; and J.E.O., S.S., M.A.L., and M.A.L.N. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no competing interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1908008116/-/DCSupplemental.