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Research Article

Rare pre-Columbian settlement on the Florida Gulf Coast revealed through high-resolution drone LiDAR

Terry E. Barbour, Kenneth E. Sassaman, Angelica Maria Almeyda Zambrano, Eben North Broadbent, Ben Wilkinson, and Richard Kanaski
PNAS November 19, 2019 116 (47) 23493-23498; first published November 4, 2019; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911285116
Terry E. Barbour
aDepartment of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-5565;
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  • For correspondence: terry.e.barbour@ufl.edu sassaman@ufl.edu
Kenneth E. Sassaman
aDepartment of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-5565;
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  • For correspondence: terry.e.barbour@ufl.edu sassaman@ufl.edu
Angelica Maria Almeyda Zambrano
bSpatial Ecology & Conservation Lab, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601;
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Eben North Broadbent
cSpatial Ecology & Conservation Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601;
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Ben Wilkinson
dGeomatics Program, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601;
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Richard Kanaski
eSavannah Coastal Refuges Complex, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Hardeeville, SC 29927
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  1. Edited by Christopher B. Rodning, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Elsa M. Redmond October 4, 2019 (received for review July 5, 2019)

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    Fig. 1.

    Location of and prior geospatial information available for Raleigh Island and results of unmanned drone survey missions. (A) Location of Raleigh Island along the Gulf Coast of Florida. (B) A DEM derived from LiDAR data publicly available from NOAA. The ring complex is visible at the western terminus of the island; however, detail is lacking and in-depth spatial analysis would be difficult or impossible, given missing structural elements and the coarse-grained nature of the data. (C) Flight paths of GatorEye drone mission for Raleigh Island. (D) DEM created from the high-resolution LiDAR data generated by drone survey. (E) 3D mesh overlay of shell ring complex on Raleigh Island. Height ramp altered and elevation stretched by factor of 1.5 for visual aesthetic.

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    Fig. 2.

    Characterization of living areas and their spatial properties. (A) Location and alphanumeric designation of 37 living areas identified within the 4 ring groups. (B) Box-plot derived from living area means organized by ring group. (C) Results of Tukey post hoc comparisons between each ring group.

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    Fig. 3.

    Cross section of living areas 2d and 2e of ring group 2, with test unit profiles showing dense anthropogenic midden identified. (A) Cross-section showing upper- and lower-story returns as well as ground hits from drone LiDAR. Ground surface is depicted in gray. Test unit profiles are to scale in their correct location. (B) Test Unit 5 profile, excavated to a depth of 105 cm below datum (cmbd). (C) Test unit 4 profile, excavated to a depth of 105 cmbd.

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    Fig. 4.

    Sample of the artifact types recovered during excavations on Raleigh Island. (A) Outer whorls of lightning whelk shell used as raw material for bead production. (B) Limestone abrader used to shape shell beads into their final form. Note the characteristic groove on the pictured specimen. (C) Chert cobbles used to flake stone or serve as raw material for tools. (D) Limestone tablet with usewear indicative of an “anvil” for bipolar stone-tool reduction. (E) Lightning whelk shell beads in various stages of manufacture. (F) Chert microlithic drills used to bore the holes in shell bead blanks.

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Rare pre-Columbian settlement on the Florida Gulf Coast revealed through high-resolution drone LiDAR
Terry E. Barbour, Kenneth E. Sassaman, Angelica Maria Almeyda Zambrano, Eben North Broadbent, Ben Wilkinson, Richard Kanaski
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Nov 2019, 116 (47) 23493-23498; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911285116

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Rare pre-Columbian settlement on the Florida Gulf Coast revealed through high-resolution drone LiDAR
Terry E. Barbour, Kenneth E. Sassaman, Angelica Maria Almeyda Zambrano, Eben North Broadbent, Ben Wilkinson, Richard Kanaski
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Nov 2019, 116 (47) 23493-23498; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911285116
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 116 (47)
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  • Social Sciences
  • Anthropology

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    • Abstract
    • Background
    • Drone-Mounted LiDAR Mapping
    • Shell Ring Architecture
    • Shell Ring Chronology
    • Shell Bead Production
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • References
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