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Research Article

Influence of young adult cognitive ability and additional education on later-life cognition

View ORCID ProfileWilliam S. Kremen, Asad Beck, Jeremy A. Elman, Daniel E. Gustavson, View ORCID ProfileChandra A. Reynolds, Xin M. Tu, Mark E. Sanderson-Cimino, Matthew S. Panizzon, View ORCID ProfileEero Vuoksimaa, Rosemary Toomey, View ORCID ProfileChristine Fennema-Notestine, Donald J. Hagler Jr., Bin Fang, Anders M. Dale, Michael J. Lyons, and Carol E. Franz
PNAS February 5, 2019 116 (6) 2021-2026; first published January 22, 2019; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811537116
William S. Kremen
aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
cCenter of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161;
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  • ORCID record for William S. Kremen
  • For correspondence: wkremen@ucsd.edu cfranz@ucsd.edu
Asad Beck
bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
dDepartment of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182;
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Jeremy A. Elman
aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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Daniel E. Gustavson
aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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Chandra A. Reynolds
eDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521;
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  • ORCID record for Chandra A. Reynolds
Xin M. Tu
bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
fDepartment of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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Mark E. Sanderson-Cimino
aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
dDepartment of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182;
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Matthew S. Panizzon
aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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Eero Vuoksimaa
gInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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  • ORCID record for Eero Vuoksimaa
Rosemary Toomey
hDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215;
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Christine Fennema-Notestine
aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
iDepartment of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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Donald J. Hagler Jr.
aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
iDepartment of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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Bin Fang
aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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Anders M. Dale
aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
iDepartment of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
jDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Michael J. Lyons
hDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215;
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Carol E. Franz
aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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  • For correspondence: wkremen@ucsd.edu cfranz@ucsd.edu
  1. Edited by Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Michael S. Gazzaniga December 8, 2018 (received for review July 4, 2018)

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Article Information

vol. 116 no. 6 2021-2026
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811537116
PubMed: 
30670647

Published By: 
National Academy of Sciences
Print ISSN: 
0027-8424
Online ISSN: 
1091-6490
History: 
  • Published in issue February 5, 2019.
  • Published first January 22, 2019.

Article Versions

  • Previous version (January 22, 2019 - 09:18).
  • You are viewing the most recent version of this article.
Copyright & Usage: 
© 2019 Published under the PNAS license.

Author Information

  1. William S. Kremena,b,c,1,
  2. Asad Beckb,d,
  3. Jeremy A. Elmana,b,
  4. Daniel E. Gustavsona,b,
  5. Chandra A. Reynoldse,
  6. Xin M. Tub,f,
  7. Mark E. Sanderson-Ciminoa,b,d,
  8. Matthew S. Panizzona,b,
  9. Eero Vuoksimaag,
  10. Rosemary Toomeyh,
  11. Christine Fennema-Notestinea,b,i,
  12. Donald J. Hagler, Jr.a,b,i,
  13. Bin Fanga,b,
  14. Anders M. Dalea,b,i,j,
  15. Michael J. Lyonsh, and
  16. Carol E. Franza,b,1
  1. aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
  2. bCenter for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
  3. cCenter of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161;
  4. dDepartment of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182;
  5. eDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521;
  6. fDepartment of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
  7. gInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
  8. hDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215;
  9. iDepartment of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
  10. jDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
  1. Edited by Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Michael S. Gazzaniga December 8, 2018 (received for review July 4, 2018)

Footnotes

  • ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: wkremen{at}ucsd.edu or cfranz{at}ucsd.edu.
  • Author contributions: W.S.K., M.S.P., R.T., C.F.-N., D.J.H., A.M.D., M.J.L., and C.E.F. designed research; W.S.K., M.S.P., R.T., C.F.-N., D.J.H., A.M.D., M.J.L., and C.E.F. performed research; W.S.K., A.B., J.A.E., D.E.G., C.A.R., X.M.T., E.V., B.F., and C.E.F. analyzed data; X.M.T. oversaw statistical analysis; X.M.T. and B.F. completed implementation and write-up of the multiple test correction procedure; M.S.P. contributed critical comments/edits; C.E.F. collaborated on developing the idea/model for the paper; and W.S.K., A.B., J.A.E., D.E.G., C.A.R., M.E.S.-C., and E.V. wrote the paper.

  • Conflict of interest statement: A.M.D. is a founder of and holds equity in CorTechs Labs, Inc, and serves on its scientific advisory board. He is also a member of the scientific advisory board of Human Longevity, Inc. and receives funding through research agreements with GE Healthcare and Medtronic. The terms of these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by University of California, San Diego in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

  • This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. S.-J.B. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.

  • Data deposition: Data are available at the The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) website, https://medschool.ucsd.edu/som/psychiatry/research/VETSA/Pages/default.aspx.

  • See Commentary on page 1832.

  • This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1811537116/-/DCSupplemental.

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Article usage

Article usage: January 2019 to February 2021

AbstractFullPdf
Jan 20191957282151
Feb 20193229561314
Mar 20192798378132
Apr 2019113513965
May 20196168339
Jun 201920154342
Jul 20194855932
Aug 20195113937
Sep 20193219559
Oct 20192932666
Nov 20192228240
Dec 20191118632
Total 20191238026731009
Jan 20203518752
Feb 20201828345
Mar 20203522753
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May 20202732674
Jun 202050216764
Jul 20202228462
Aug 20203126379
Sep 20203430154
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Total 20208803919839
Jan 20213529597
Feb 20211927442
Total 202154569139
Total1331471611987
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Influence of young adult cognitive ability and additional education on later-life cognition
William S. Kremen, Asad Beck, Jeremy A. Elman, Daniel E. Gustavson, Chandra A. Reynolds, Xin M. Tu, Mark E. Sanderson-Cimino, Matthew S. Panizzon, Eero Vuoksimaa, Rosemary Toomey, Christine Fennema-Notestine, Donald J. Hagler, Bin Fang, Anders M. Dale, Michael J. Lyons, Carol E. Franz
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Feb 2019, 116 (6) 2021-2026; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811537116

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Influence of young adult cognitive ability and additional education on later-life cognition
William S. Kremen, Asad Beck, Jeremy A. Elman, Daniel E. Gustavson, Chandra A. Reynolds, Xin M. Tu, Mark E. Sanderson-Cimino, Matthew S. Panizzon, Eero Vuoksimaa, Rosemary Toomey, Christine Fennema-Notestine, Donald J. Hagler, Bin Fang, Anders M. Dale, Michael J. Lyons, Carol E. Franz
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Feb 2019, 116 (6) 2021-2026; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811537116
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