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Edited by Arild Underdal, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and approved October 22, 2019 (received for review April 15, 2019)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Binomial regression model predicting interaction with Twitter accounts associated with the Russian IRA. Purple circles describe standardized point estimates, and blue lines describe 90% and 95% CIs. Survey respondents with strong ideological homophily in their Twitter network, high interest in politics, and who use Twitter more than once a day were most likely to interact with IRA accounts.
- Fig. 2.
BCF models describing the effect of interacting with Russian IRA accounts on change in political attitudes and behaviors of Republican and Democratic Twitter users who responded to 2 surveys fielded between October and November 2017. Purple circles describe the average treatment effects on the treated, and blue lines describe 95% credible intervals. Interaction with IRA accounts has no significant effect on all 6 outcomes.
- Fig. 3.
Individual effects of interacting with Russian IRA accounts on political attitudes and behavior by level of news interest using BCFs.
- Fig. 4.
Individual effects of interacting with Russian IRA accounts on political attitudes and behavior by frequency of Twitter usage using BCFs.
- Fig. 5.
Individual effects of interacting with Russian IRA accounts on political attitudes and behavior by partisan identification using BCFs.
- Fig. 6.
Assessing dosage effects on self-reported ideology over an extended time period. Circles describe standardized point estimates, and lines describe 95% credible intervals for different amounts of direct and indirect engagement with IRA accounts. Here, again, interactions with troll accounts over an extended period show no significant association with ideological polarization.
Data supplements
Supporting Information
Assessing the Russian Internet Research Agency’s impact on the political attitudes and behaviors of American Twitter users in late 2017
Article Classifications
- Social Sciences
- Political Sciences
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