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Contributed by Anton Zeilinger, October 24, 2019 (sent for review August 19, 2019; reviewed by Ebrahim Karimi and Terry Rudolph)
Significance
The corpus of scientific literature grows at an ever increasing speed. While this poses a severe challenge for human researchers, computer algorithms with access to a large body of knowledge could help make important contributions to science. Here, we demonstrate the development of a semantic network for quantum physics, denoted SemNet, using 750,000 scientific papers and knowledge from books and Wikipedia. We use it in conjunction with an artificial neural network for predicting future research trends. Individual scientists can use SemNet for suggesting and inspiring personalized, out-of-the-box ideas. Computer-inspired scientific ideas will play a significant role in accelerating scientific progress, and we hope that our work directly contributes to that important goal.
Abstract
The vast and growing number of publications in all disciplines of science cannot be comprehended by a single human researcher. As a consequence, researchers have to specialize in narrow subdisciplines, which makes it challenging to uncover scientific connections beyond the own field of research. Thus, access to structured knowledge from a large corpus of publications could help push the frontiers of science. Here, we demonstrate a method to build a semantic network from published scientific literature, which we call SemNet. We use SemNet to predict future trends in research and to inspire personalized and surprising seeds of ideas in science. We apply it in the discipline of quantum physics, which has seen an unprecedented growth of activity in recent years. In SemNet, scientific knowledge is represented as an evolving network using the content of 750,000 scientific papers published since 1919. The nodes of the network correspond to physical concepts, and links between two nodes are drawn when two concepts are concurrently studied in research articles. We identify influential and prize-winning research topics from the past inside SemNet, thus confirming that it stores useful semantic knowledge. We train a neural network using states of SemNet of the past to predict future developments in quantum physics and confirm high-quality predictions using historic data. Using network theoretical tools, we can suggest personalized, out-of-the-box ideas by identifying pairs of concepts, which have unique and extremal semantic network properties. Finally, we consider possible future developments and implications of our findings.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: mario.krenn{at}univie.ac.at or anton.zeilinger{at}univie.ac.at.
Author contributions: M.K. and A.Z. designed research; M.K. performed research; M.K. and A.Z. analyzed data; and M.K. wrote the paper.
Reviewers: E.K., University of Ottawa; and T.R., Imperial College, London.
The authors declare no competing interest.
Data deposition: The semantic network as well as the source code for deriving personalized predictions and suggestions is published at GitHub (https://github.com/MarioKrenn6240/SEMNET).
This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1914370116/-/DCSupplemental.
Published under the PNAS license.
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Predicting research trends with semantic and neural networks with an application in quantum physics
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