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Research Article

Effective fisheries management instrumental in improving fish stock status

View ORCID ProfileRay Hilborn, View ORCID ProfileRicardo Oscar Amoroso, Christopher M. Anderson, Julia K. Baum, View ORCID ProfileTrevor A. Branch, Christopher Costello, Carryn L. de Moor, Abdelmalek Faraj, Daniel Hively, Olaf P. Jensen, Hiroyuki Kurota, L. Richard Little, Pamela Mace, View ORCID ProfileTim McClanahan, Michael C. Melnychuk, Cóilín Minto, Giacomo Chato Osio, Ana M. Parma, Maite Pons, Susana Segurado, Cody S. Szuwalski, Jono R. Wilson, and Yimin Ye
  1. aSchool of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
  2. bDepartment of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada;
  3. cBren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117;
  4. dMarine Resource Assessment and Management Group, Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa;
  5. eInstitut National de Recherche Halieutique, Casablanca, 20100, Morocco;
  6. fDepartment of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901;
  7. gSeikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki-shi, 851-2213 Nagasaki, Japan;
  8. hMarine Resources and Industries Program, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;
  9. iFisheries New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand;
  10. jGlobal Marine Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460;
  11. kMarine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, H91 T8NW, Ireland;
  12. lUnit D.02 Water and Marine Resources, Directorate D−Sustainable Resources, Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy;
  13. mUnit D.1. Fisheries Conservation and Control in Mediterranean and Black Sea, DG Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, European Commission, JII-99 02/46, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium;
  14. nCentro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, U 9120 ACF Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina;
  15. oSystems Division, Sustainable Fisheries Partnership, Honolulu, HI 96816;
  16. pCalifornia Oceans Program, The Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, CA 94105;
  17. qFisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy

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PNAS January 28, 2020 117 (4) 2218-2224; first published January 13, 2020; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909726116
Ray Hilborn
aSchool of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
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  • ORCID record for Ray Hilborn
  • For correspondence: hilbornr@gmail.com
Ricardo Oscar Amoroso
aSchool of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
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  • ORCID record for Ricardo Oscar Amoroso
Christopher M. Anderson
aSchool of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
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Julia K. Baum
bDepartment of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada;
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Trevor A. Branch
aSchool of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
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Christopher Costello
cBren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117;
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Carryn L. de Moor
dMarine Resource Assessment and Management Group, Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa;
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Abdelmalek Faraj
eInstitut National de Recherche Halieutique, Casablanca, 20100, Morocco;
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Daniel Hively
aSchool of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
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Olaf P. Jensen
fDepartment of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901;
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Hiroyuki Kurota
gSeikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki-shi, 851-2213 Nagasaki, Japan;
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L. Richard Little
hMarine Resources and Industries Program, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;
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Pamela Mace
iFisheries New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand;
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Tim McClanahan
jGlobal Marine Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460;
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  • ORCID record for Tim McClanahan
Michael C. Melnychuk
aSchool of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
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Cóilín Minto
kMarine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, H91 T8NW, Ireland;
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Giacomo Chato Osio
lUnit D.02 Water and Marine Resources, Directorate D−Sustainable Resources, Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy;
mUnit D.1. Fisheries Conservation and Control in Mediterranean and Black Sea, DG Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, European Commission, JII-99 02/46, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium;
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Ana M. Parma
nCentro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, U 9120 ACF Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina;
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Maite Pons
aSchool of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
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Susana Segurado
oSystems Division, Sustainable Fisheries Partnership, Honolulu, HI 96816;
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Cody S. Szuwalski
cBren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117;
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Jono R. Wilson
cBren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117;
pCalifornia Oceans Program, The Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, CA 94105;
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Yimin Ye
qFisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy
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  1. Edited by Nils Chr. Stenseth, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and approved November 15, 2019 (received for review June 12, 2019)

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Significance

This article compiles estimates of the status of fish stocks from all available scientific assessments, comprising roughly half of the world’s fish catch, and shows that, on average, fish stocks are increasing where they are assessed. We pair this with surveys of the nature and extent of fisheries management systems, and demonstrate that where fisheries are intensively managed, the stocks are above target levels or rebuilding. Where fisheries management is less intense, stock status and trends are worse. We review evidence on the half of world fisheries that are not assessed or intensively managed and suggest their status is much worse than where fisheries are intensively managed.

Abstract

Marine fish stocks are an important part of the world food system and are particularly important for many of the poorest people of the world. Most existing analyses suggest overfishing is increasing, and there is widespread concern that fish stocks are decreasing throughout most of the world. We assembled trends in abundance and harvest rate of stocks that are scientifically assessed, constituting half of the reported global marine fish catch. For these stocks, on average, abundance is increasing and is at proposed target levels. Compared with regions that are intensively managed, regions with less-developed fisheries management have, on average, 3-fold greater harvest rates and half the abundance as assessed stocks. Available evidence suggests that the regions without assessments of abundance have little fisheries management, and stocks are in poor shape. Increased application of area-appropriate fisheries science recommendations and management tools are still needed for sustaining fisheries in places where they are lacking.

  • overfishing
  • harvest impacts
  • sustainable fisheries

Footnotes

  • ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: hilbornr{at}gmail.com.
  • Author contributions: R.H., R.O.A., C.M.A., J.K.B., T.A.B., C.C., C.L.d.M., A.F., D.H., O.P.J., H.K., L.R.L., P.M., T.M., M.C.M., C.M., G.C.O., A.M.P., M.P., S.S., C.S.S., J.R.W., and Y.Y. designed research; R.H., R.O.A., C.C., D.H., M.C.M., and C.M. analyzed data; R.H., R.O.A., C.M.A., J.K.B., T.A.B., C.C., C.L.d.M., A.F., D.H., O.P.J., H.K., L.R.L., P.M., T.M., M.C.M., C.M., G.C.O., A.M.P., M.P., S.S., C.S.S., J.R.W., and Y.Y. wrote the paper; and R.H., R.O.A., J.K.B., C.L.d.M., A.F., D.H., H.K., L.R.L., P.M., M.C.M., C.M., G.C.O., A.M.P., M.P., and S.S. helped assemble or provide data.

  • Competing interest statement: All authors are involved in fisheries management or provide fisheries advice in ways that can be viewed as competing interests. Many are employed by national fisheries agencies or nongovernmental organizations that advocate for specific fisheries policies. The academic scientists have received funding from sources that include government fisheries agencies, fishing companies, and environmental nongovernmental organizations.

  • This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.

  • Data deposition: Code used for analysis is held in the following GitHub repository, https://github.com/mintoc/pnas_efm_paper.

  • This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1909726116/-/DCSupplemental.

  • Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).

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Effective fisheries management instrumental in improving fish stock status
Ray Hilborn, Ricardo Oscar Amoroso, Christopher M. Anderson, Julia K. Baum, Trevor A. Branch, Christopher Costello, Carryn L. de Moor, Abdelmalek Faraj, Daniel Hively, Olaf P. Jensen, Hiroyuki Kurota, L. Richard Little, Pamela Mace, Tim McClanahan, Michael C. Melnychuk, Cóilín Minto, Giacomo Chato Osio, Ana M. Parma, Maite Pons, Susana Segurado, Cody S. Szuwalski, Jono R. Wilson, Yimin Ye
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jan 2020, 117 (4) 2218-2224; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909726116

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Effective fisheries management instrumental in improving fish stock status
Ray Hilborn, Ricardo Oscar Amoroso, Christopher M. Anderson, Julia K. Baum, Trevor A. Branch, Christopher Costello, Carryn L. de Moor, Abdelmalek Faraj, Daniel Hively, Olaf P. Jensen, Hiroyuki Kurota, L. Richard Little, Pamela Mace, Tim McClanahan, Michael C. Melnychuk, Cóilín Minto, Giacomo Chato Osio, Ana M. Parma, Maite Pons, Susana Segurado, Cody S. Szuwalski, Jono R. Wilson, Yimin Ye
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jan 2020, 117 (4) 2218-2224; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909726116
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 117 (4)
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