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Edited by Kathleen Mullan Harris, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, and approved October 13, 2020 (received for review December 15, 2019)
Significance
Racial resentment, antiimmigration sentiment, and hate crimes, including on college campuses, have increased recently. Although African American (70%) and Hispanic/Latinx people (56%) report considerable discrimination exposure, there remains a critical need for research examining the pathways through which racism-related stress affects health. Here, we developed an ecological, intensive longitudinal design leveraging an independent biosignal of stress arousal collected from a wearable sensor. Our method documents both increased simultaneous negative emotion and stress arousal among African American, Latinx, and African students in response to racism-related stress. These findings provide support for allostasis-based theories of mental and physical health via a naturalistic assessment of emotional and physiological responding to real-life social experiences.
Abstract
Racism-related stress is thought to contribute to widespread race/ethnic health inequities via negative emotion and allostatic stress process up-regulation. Although prior studies document race-related stress and health correlations, due to methodological and technical limitations, they have been unable to directly test the stress-reactivity hypothesis in situ. Guided by theories of constructed emotion and allostasis, we developed a protocol using wearable sensors and daily surveys that allowed us to operationalize and time-couple self-reported racism-related experiences, negative emotions, and an independent biosignal of emotional arousal. We used data from 100 diverse young adults at a predominantly White college campus to assess racism-related stress reactivity using electrodermal activity (EDA), a biosignal of sympathetic nervous system activity. We find that racism-related experiences predict both increased negative emotion risk and heightened EDA, consistent with the proposed allostatic model of health and disease. Specific patterns varied across race/ethnic groups. For example, discrimination and rumination were associated with negative emotion for African American students, but only interpersonal discrimination predicted increased arousal via EDA. The pattern of results was more general for Latinx students, for whom interpersonal discrimination, vicarious racism exposure, and rumination significantly modulated arousal. As with Latinx students, African students were particularly responsive to vicarious racism while 1.5 generation Black students were generally not responsive to racism-related experiences. Overall, these findings provide support for allostasis-based theories of mental and physical health via a naturalistic assessment of the emotional and sympathetic nervous system responding to real-life social experiences.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: j.e.cheadle{at}utexas.edu.
Author contributions: J.E.C., B.J.G., and T.D.N. designed research; J.E.C., J.C.J., C.C.T., and C.B.K.Y. performed research; J.E.C. analyzed data; J.E.C. and J.C.J. cleaned and coded data; and J.E.C. and B.J.G. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no competing interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1922025117/-/DCSupplemental.
Data Availability.
Preprocessed data and statistical modeling scripts are available on the Open Science Framework, https://osf.io/sbhd7/ (108).
Published under the PNAS license.
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Race and ethnic variation in college students’ allostatic regulation of racism-related stress
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- Social Sciences
- Biological Sciences
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