Capillary leakage provides nutrients and antioxidants for rapid pneumococcal proliferation in influenza-infected lower airways

^aDepartment of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
^bLee Kong Chian School of Medicine and Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
^cDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet and SciLifeLab, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
^dExperimental Biomolecular Physics, Department Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
^eInfectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
^fDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore;
^gClinical Microbiology, Bioclinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden

Contributed by Staffan Normark, October 28, 2020 (sent for review June 15, 2020; reviewed by Pascale Cossart and E. Richard Moxon)

Footnotes

↵¹K.H. and A.P. contributed equally to this work.
↵²To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: staffan.normark{at}ki.se or birgitta.henriques{at}ki.se.

Author contributions: V.S., J.W., S.N., and B.H.-N. designed research; V.S., K.H., A.P., A.T.Q.L., B.T.E., S.L.L., M.G., J.B., R.N., and L.-T.S. performed research; V.S., K.H., A.P., A.T.Q.L., B.T.E., S.L.L., M.G., J.B., R.N., and L.-T.S. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; V.S., K.H., A.P., A.T.Q.L., B.T.E., S.L.L., M.G., J.B., R.N., L.-T.S., J.W., S.N., and B.H.-N. analyzed data; V.S., S.N., and B.H.-N. wrote the paper; and K.H., A.P., A.T.Q.L., B.T.E., S.L.L., M.G., J.B., R.N., L.-T.S., and J.W. contributed to writing the paper.
Reviewers: P.C., Institut Pasteur; and E.R.M., Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine.
The authors declare no competing interest.
This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.2012265117/-/DCSupplemental.