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Research Article

Fingerprint ridges allow primates to regulate grip

View ORCID ProfileSeoung-Mok Yum, View ORCID ProfileIn-Keun Baek, View ORCID ProfileDongpyo Hong, View ORCID ProfileJuhan Kim, View ORCID ProfileKyunghoon Jung, View ORCID ProfileSeontae Kim, Kihoon Eom, Jeongmin Jang, Seonmyeong Kim, Matlabjon Sattorov, View ORCID ProfileMin-Geol Lee, View ORCID ProfileSungwan Kim, View ORCID ProfileMichael J. Adams, and View ORCID ProfileGun-Sik Park
PNAS December 15, 2020 117 (50) 31665-31673; first published November 30, 2020; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001055117
Seoung-Mok Yum
aCenter for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
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In-Keun Baek
aCenter for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
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Dongpyo Hong
aCenter for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
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Juhan Kim
aCenter for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
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Kyunghoon Jung
aCenter for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
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Seontae Kim
aCenter for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
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Kihoon Eom
aCenter for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
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Jeongmin Jang
aCenter for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
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Seonmyeong Kim
aCenter for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
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Matlabjon Sattorov
aCenter for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
bCenter for Applied Electromagnetic Research, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea;
cR&D Department, Seoul-Teracom, Inc., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea;
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Min-Geol Lee
dCutaneous Biology Research Institute, Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
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Sungwan Kim
eDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea;
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Michael J. Adams
fSchool of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham GL51 9RE, United Kingdom;
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  • For correspondence: gunsik@snu.ac.kr m.j.adams@bham.ac.uk
Gun-Sik Park
aCenter for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
bCenter for Applied Electromagnetic Research, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea;
cR&D Department, Seoul-Teracom, Inc., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea;
gInstitute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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  • For correspondence: gunsik@snu.ac.kr m.j.adams@bham.ac.uk
  1. Edited by J. Edward Colgate, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, and accepted by Editorial Board Member John A. Rogers October 8, 2020 (received for review June 4, 2020)

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Significance

Why have primates evolved epidermal ridges on the volar regions of the hands and feet and with a much greater density of sweat glands than flat skin, which respond to anxiety rather than act as a thermoregulation mechanism? During contact with solid objects, the ridges are important for grip and precision manipulation by regulating moisture levels from either external sources or the sweat pores so that the friction is maximized and catastrophic slip is inhibited. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved has become particularly important with the almost ubiquitous contact of the finger pads with flat screens and recent developments in haptic feedback using ultrasonic vibrations for which the performance is critically related to the friction.

Abstract

Fingerprints are unique to primates and koalas but what advantages do these features of our hands and feet provide us compared with the smooth pads of carnivorans, e.g., feline or ursine species? It has been argued that the epidermal ridges on finger pads decrease friction when in contact with smooth surfaces, promote interlocking with rough surfaces, channel excess water, prevent blistering, and enhance tactile sensitivity. Here, we found that they were at the origin of a moisture-regulating mechanism, which ensures an optimal hydration of the keratin layer of the skin for maximizing the friction and reducing the probability of catastrophic slip due to the hydrodynamic formation of a fluid layer. When in contact with impermeable surfaces, the occlusion of the sweat from the pores in the ridges promotes plasticization of the skin, dramatically increasing friction. Occlusion and external moisture could cause an excess of water that would defeat the natural hydration balance. However, we have demonstrated using femtosecond laser-based polarization-tunable terahertz wave spectroscopic imaging and infrared optical coherence tomography that the moisture regulation may be explained by a combination of a microfluidic capillary evaporation mechanism and a sweat pore blocking mechanism. This results in maintaining an optimal amount of moisture in the furrows that maximizes the friction irrespective of whether a finger pad is initially wet or dry. Thus, abundant low-flow sweat glands and epidermal furrows have provided primates with the evolutionary advantage in dry and wet conditions of manipulative and locomotive abilities not available to other animals.

  • epidermal ridge function
  • finger pad friction
  • moisture regulation
  • capillary evaporation

Footnotes

  • ↵1S.M.Y. and I.K.B. contributed equally to this work.

  • ↵2Present address: Mechatronics R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Hwasung 18448, Republic of Korea.

  • ↵3To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: gunsik{at}snu.ac.kr or m.j.adams{at}bham.ac.uk.
  • Author contributions: I.-K.B., D.H., M.J.A., and G.-S.P. designed research; S.-M.Y., I.-K.B., J.K., K.J., Seontae Kim, K.E., J.J., Seonmyeong Kim, M.S., M.J.A., and G.-S.P. performed research; S.-M.Y., I.-K.B., and D.H. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; S.-M.Y., I.-K.B., J.K., K.J., M.-G.L., Sungwan Kim, and G.-S.P. analyzed data; and S.-M.Y., I.-K.B., M.J.A., and G.-S.P. wrote the paper.

  • The authors declare no competing interest.

  • This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. J.E.C. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.

  • This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.2001055117/-/DCSupplemental.

Data Availability.

All data discussed in this paper are available at Figshare, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13139489.v1 (45).

Published under the PNAS license.

View Full Text

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Fingerprint ridges allow primates to regulate grip
Seoung-Mok Yum, In-Keun Baek, Dongpyo Hong, Juhan Kim, Kyunghoon Jung, Seontae Kim, Kihoon Eom, Jeongmin Jang, Seonmyeong Kim, Matlabjon Sattorov, Min-Geol Lee, Sungwan Kim, Michael J. Adams, Gun-Sik Park
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Dec 2020, 117 (50) 31665-31673; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001055117

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Fingerprint ridges allow primates to regulate grip
Seoung-Mok Yum, In-Keun Baek, Dongpyo Hong, Juhan Kim, Kyunghoon Jung, Seontae Kim, Kihoon Eom, Jeongmin Jang, Seonmyeong Kim, Matlabjon Sattorov, Min-Geol Lee, Sungwan Kim, Michael J. Adams, Gun-Sik Park
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Dec 2020, 117 (50) 31665-31673; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001055117
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