Better explicating the strengths and shortcomings of these models will help refine projections and improve transparency in the years ahead.
Image credit: Witsawat.S.
Contributed by Gregory P. Asner, October 19, 2020 (sent for review August 20, 2020; reviewed by Russell E. Brainard and John Burns)
Significance
Coral reefs are changing at unprecedented rates, and the majority of reefs are undergoing widespread losses in live coral cover. Management and policy development efforts focused on conserving and restoring coral reefs are hampered by a lack of geographically consistent and actionable high-resolution information on the specific location and extent of live coral. Based on an operational airborne technique, we developed and applied a live coral mapping capability across the main Hawaiian islands to identify potential coral refugia as well as reefs for potential coral restoration. Our findings inform current management actions across the archipelago and demonstrate the tactical role that live coral mapping can play to support decision-making at large ecological scales.
Abstract
Coral is the life-form that underpins the habitat of most tropical reef ecosystems, thereby supporting biological diversity throughout the marine realm. Coral reefs are undergoing rapid change from ocean warming and nearshore human activities, compromising a myriad of services provided to societies including coastal protection, fishing, and cultural practices. In the face of these challenges, large-scale operational mapping of live coral cover within and across reef ecosystems could provide more opportunities to address reef protection, resilience, and restoration at broad management- and policy-relevant scales. We developed an airborne mapping approach combining laser-guided imaging spectroscopy and deep learning models to quantify, at a large archipelago scale, the geographic distribution of live corals to 16-m water depth throughout the main Hawaiian islands. Airborne estimates of live coral cover were highly correlated with field-based estimates of live coral cover (R2 = 0.94). Our maps were used to assess the relative condition of reefs based on live coral, and to identify potential coral refugia in the face of human-driven stressors, including marine heat waves. Geospatial modeling revealed that water depth, wave power, and nearshore development accounted for the majority (>60%) of live coral cover variation, but other human-driven factors were also important. Mapped interisland and intraisland variation in live coral location improves our understanding of reef geography and its human impacts, thereby guiding environmental management for reef resiliency.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: gregasner{at}asu.edu.
Author contributions: G.P.A., N.R.V., and J.M.G. designed research; G.P.A., N.R.V., J.H., D.E.K., C.B., E.S., R.E.M., and B.J.N. performed research; N.R.V. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; G.P.A. and N.R.V. analyzed data; and G.P.A., N.R.V., R.E.M., B.J.N., and J.M.G. wrote the paper.
Reviewers: R.E.B., King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; and J.B., University of Hawaii.
The authors declare no competing interest.
This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.2017628117/-/DCSupplemental.
Data Availability.
Digital mapping data are currently available on Zenodo (http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4292660) (48). All study data are included in the article and SI Appendix.
Published under the PNAS license.
References
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Large-scale mapping of live corals to guide reef conservation
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- Sustainability Science
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