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Perspective

An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19

View ORCID ProfileJeremy Howard, Austin Huang, View ORCID ProfileZhiyuan Li, View ORCID ProfileZeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, View ORCID ProfileHelene-Mari van der Westhuizen, View ORCID ProfileArne von Delft, View ORCID ProfileAmy Price, Lex Fridman, View ORCID ProfileLei-Han Tang, View ORCID ProfileViola Tang, View ORCID ProfileGregory L. Watson, View ORCID ProfileChristina E. Bax, View ORCID ProfileReshama Shaikh, View ORCID ProfileFrederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, View ORCID ProfileLarry F. Chu, View ORCID ProfileChristina M. Ramirez, and View ORCID ProfileAnne W. Rimoin
  1. afast.ai, San Francisco, CA 94105;
  2. bData Institute, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94105;
  3. cWarren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903;
  4. dCenter for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
  5. eSchool of Information, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
  6. fInstitute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic;
  7. gDepartment of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom;
  8. hTB Proof, Cape Town 7130, South Africa;
  9. iSchool of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
  10. jAnesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
  11. kDepartment of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
  12. lDepartment of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China;
  13. mComplex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China;
  14. nDepartment of Information Systems, Business Statistics and Operations Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China;
  15. oDepartment of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
  16. pPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
  17. qData Umbrella, New York, NY 10031;
  18. rTeacher Education Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
  19. sOpenAI, San Francisco, CA 94110;
  20. tDepartment of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095

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PNAS January 26, 2021 118 (4) e2014564118; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014564118
Jeremy Howard
afast.ai, San Francisco, CA 94105;
bData Institute, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94105;
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  • ORCID record for Jeremy Howard
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Austin Huang
cWarren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903;
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Zhiyuan Li
dCenter for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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  • ORCID record for Zhiyuan Li
Zeynep Tufekci
eSchool of Information, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
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  • ORCID record for Zeynep Tufekci
Vladimir Zdimal
fInstitute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic;
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Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen
gDepartment of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom;
hTB Proof, Cape Town 7130, South Africa;
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  • ORCID record for Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen
Arne von Delft
hTB Proof, Cape Town 7130, South Africa;
iSchool of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
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Amy Price
jAnesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
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  • ORCID record for Amy Price
Lex Fridman
kDepartment of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
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Lei-Han Tang
lDepartment of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China;
mComplex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China;
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  • ORCID record for Lei-Han Tang
Viola Tang
nDepartment of Information Systems, Business Statistics and Operations Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China;
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  • ORCID record for Viola Tang
Gregory L. Watson
oDepartment of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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  • ORCID record for Gregory L. Watson
Christina E. Bax
pPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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  • ORCID record for Christina E. Bax
Reshama Shaikh
qData Umbrella, New York, NY 10031;
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  • ORCID record for Reshama Shaikh
Frederik Questier
rTeacher Education Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
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  • ORCID record for Frederik Questier
Danny Hernandez
sOpenAI, San Francisco, CA 94110;
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Larry F. Chu
jAnesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
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  • ORCID record for Larry F. Chu
Christina M. Ramirez
oDepartment of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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  • ORCID record for Christina M. Ramirez
Anne W. Rimoin
tDepartment of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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  • ORCID record for Anne W. Rimoin
  1. Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Nils C. Stenseth December 5, 2020 (received for review July 13, 2020)

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Article Information

vol. 118 no. 4 e2014564118
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014564118
PubMed: 
33431650

Published By: 
National Academy of Sciences
Print ISSN: 
0027-8424
Online ISSN: 
1091-6490
History: 
  • Published in issue January 26, 2021.
  • Published online January 11, 2021.

Copyright & Usage: 
© 2021 Published under the PNAS license.

Author Information

  1. Jeremy Howarda,b,1,
  2. Austin Huangc,
  3. Zhiyuan Lid,
  4. Zeynep Tufekcie,
  5. Vladimir Zdimalf,
  6. Helene-Mari van der Westhuizeng,h,
  7. Arne von Delfth,i,
  8. Amy Pricej,
  9. Lex Fridmank,
  10. Lei-Han Tangl,m,
  11. Viola Tangn,
  12. Gregory L. Watsono,
  13. Christina E. Baxp,
  14. Reshama Shaikhq,
  15. Frederik Questierr,
  16. Danny Hernandezs,
  17. Larry F. Chuj,
  18. Christina M. Ramirezo, and
  19. Anne W. Rimoint
  1. afast.ai, San Francisco, CA 94105;
  2. bData Institute, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94105;
  3. cWarren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903;
  4. dCenter for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
  5. eSchool of Information, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
  6. fInstitute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic;
  7. gDepartment of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom;
  8. hTB Proof, Cape Town 7130, South Africa;
  9. iSchool of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
  10. jAnesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
  11. kDepartment of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
  12. lDepartment of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China;
  13. mComplex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China;
  14. nDepartment of Information Systems, Business Statistics and Operations Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China;
  15. oDepartment of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
  16. pPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
  17. qData Umbrella, New York, NY 10031;
  18. rTeacher Education Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
  19. sOpenAI, San Francisco, CA 94110;
  20. tDepartment of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
  1. Edited by Lauren Ancel Meyers, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Nils C. Stenseth December 5, 2020 (received for review July 13, 2020)

Footnotes

  • ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: jphoward{at}usfca.edu.
  • Author contributions: J.H., Z.L., H.-M.v.d.W., L.-H.T., V.T., R.S., and F.Q. designed research; J.H., A.H., Z.L., Z.T., H.-M.v.d.W., L.-H.T., V.T., R.S., and F.Q. performed research; J.H., A.H., Z.L., L.-H.T., V.T., F.Q., and C.M.R. analyzed data; and J.H., A.H., Z.L., Z.T., V.Z., H.-M.v.d.W., A.v.D., A.P., L.F., L.-H.T., V.T., G.L.W., C.E.B., R.S., F.Q., D.H., L.F.C., C.M.R., and A.W.R. wrote the paper.

  • The authors declare no competing interest.

  • This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. L.A.M. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.

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Article usage

Article usage: January 2021 to January 2022

AbstractFullPdf
Jan 2021455627875314057
Feb 20218161110045438
Mar 20211631558916449
Apr 2021711491006009
May 202126816354065
Jun 202124583412959
Jul 2021591275454368
Aug 202120236435612983
Sep 2021941839318791
Oct 2021451125595329
Nov 20212441432295308
Dec 20214721868066605
Total 20216772195315082361
Jan 202292586962153
Total 202292586962153
Total6864201184684514
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An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19
Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jan 2021, 118 (4) e2014564118; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014564118

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An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19
Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jan 2021, 118 (4) e2014564118; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014564118
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 118 (4)
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Background
    • Direct Evidence of the Efficacy of Public Mask Wearing
    • A Framework for Considering the Evidence
    • Population Impact
    • Transmission Characteristics
    • Source Control
    • PPE
    • Sociological Considerations
    • Implementation Considerations
    • Further Research
    • Conclusion
    • Materials and Methods
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • References
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