Muons penetrate much further than X-rays, they do essentially zero damage, and they are provided for free by the cosmos.
Image credit: Science Source/Digital Globe.
Article Figures & SI
Figures
The probability density functions (p.d.f.) for three distributions of offspring condition. Higher values of the kurtosis index (k) result in a higher and narrower peak centered on the mean value.
Percentage increase in inclusive fitness that (a) offspring and (b) parents derive from nonsignaling plotted against the kurtosis index (k) of the distribution of offspring conditions. The thick line represents the parameter values used by Godfray (3); U = 1, γ = 0.08, and V = 0.1. Thin lines are γ = 0.16, 0.12, 0.04, and 0.01.
Probability density functions (p.d.f.) with different modal values (M).
Percentage increase in inclusive fitness that (a) offspring and (b) parents derive from nonsignaling plotted against the mode of the distributions of offspring condition (M). Parameter values are as in Fig. 2.
The evolution of begging: Signaling and sibling competition
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