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Research Article

AP-1 transcriptional activity is regulated by a direct association between thioredoxin and Ref-1

Kiichi Hirota, Minoru Matsui, Satoshi Iwata, Akira Nishiyama, Kenjiro Mori, and Junji Yodoi
PNAS April 15, 1997 94 (8) 3633-3638; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.8.3633
Kiichi Hirota
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Minoru Matsui
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Satoshi Iwata
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Akira Nishiyama
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Kenjiro Mori
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Junji Yodoi
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Abstract

Thioredoxin (TRX) is a pleiotropic cellular factor that has thiol-mediated redox activity and is important in regulation of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, and gene expression. The activity of several transcription factors is posttranslationally altered by redox modification(s) of specific cysteine residue(s). One such factor is nuclear factor (NF)-κB, whose DNA-binding activity is markedly augmented by TRX treatment in vitro. Similarly, the DNA-binding activity of activator protein 1 (AP-1) is modified by a DNA repair enzyme, redox factor 1 (Ref-1), which is identical to a DNA repair enzyme, AP endonuclease. Ref-1 activity is in turn modulated by various redox-active compounds, including TRX. We here report the molecular cascade of redox regulation of AP-1 mediated by TRX and Ref-1. Phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate efficiently translocated TRX into the HeLa cell nucleus where Ref-1 preexists. This process seems to be essential for AP-1 activation by redox modification because co-overexpression of TRX and Ref-1 in COS-7 cells potentiated AP-1 activity only after TRX was transported into the nucleus by phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate treatment. To prove the direct active site-mediated association between TRX and Ref-1, we generated a series of substitution-mutant cysteine residues of TRX. In both an in vitro diamide-induced cross-linking study and an in vivo mammalian two-hybrid assay we proved that TRX can associate directly with Ref-1 in the nucleus; also, we demonstrated the requirement of cysteine residues in the TRX catalytic center for the potentiation of AP-1 activity. This report presents an example of a cascade in cellular redox regulation.

  • redox regulation
  • disulfide cross-linking
  • nuclear translocation
  • mammalian two-hybrid assay

Footnotes

    • ↵‡ Present address: Department of Biomedical Genetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan.

    • ↵§ To whom reprint requests should be addressed at: Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53, Shogoin Kawahara-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan. e-mail: yodoi{at}virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp.

    • JoAnne Stubbe, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA

  • ABBREVIATIONS

    TRX,
    thioredoxin;
    NF,
    nuclear factor;
    AP-1,
    activator protein-1;
    Ref-1,
    redox factor-1;
    PMA,
    phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate;
    6xHis,
    hexahistidine;
    DBD,
    DNA-binding domain
    • Received July 24, 1996.
    • Accepted February 4, 1997.
    • Copyright © 1997, The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
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    AP-1 transcriptional activity is regulated by a direct association between thioredoxin and Ref-1
    Kiichi Hirota, Minoru Matsui, Satoshi Iwata, Akira Nishiyama, Kenjiro Mori, Junji Yodoi
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Apr 1997, 94 (8) 3633-3638; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.8.3633

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    AP-1 transcriptional activity is regulated by a direct association between thioredoxin and Ref-1
    Kiichi Hirota, Minoru Matsui, Satoshi Iwata, Akira Nishiyama, Kenjiro Mori, Junji Yodoi
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Apr 1997, 94 (8) 3633-3638; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.8.3633
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