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Research Article

Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories

K. Hawkes, J. F. O’Connell, N. G. Blurton Jones, H. Alvarez, and E. L. Charnov
PNAS February 3, 1998 95 (3) 1336-1339; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.3.1336
K. Hawkes
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J. F. O’Connell
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N. G. Blurton Jones
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H. Alvarez
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E. L. Charnov
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  1. Communicated by Sarah Blaffer Hardy, University of California, Davis, CA (received for review July 24, 1997)

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Abstract

Long postmenopausal lifespans distinguish humans from all other primates. This pattern may have evolved with mother–child food sharing, a practice that allowed aging females to enhance their daughters’ fertility, thereby increasing selection against senescence. Combined with Charnov’s dimensionless assembly rules for mammalian life histories, this hypothesis also accounts for our late maturity, small size at weaning, and high fertility. It has implications for past human habitat choice and social organization and for ideas about the importance of extended learning and paternal provisioning in human evolution.

Footnotes

    • ↵† To whom reprint requests should be addressed.

  • ABBREVIATION

    CM,
    Charnov’s model
    • Received July 24, 1997.
    • Accepted November 18, 1997.
    • Copyright © 1998, The National Academy of Sciences
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    Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories
    K. Hawkes, J. F. O’Connell, N. G. Blurton Jones, H. Alvarez, E. L. Charnov
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Feb 1998, 95 (3) 1336-1339; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.3.1336

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    Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories
    K. Hawkes, J. F. O’Connell, N. G. Blurton Jones, H. Alvarez, E. L. Charnov
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Feb 1998, 95 (3) 1336-1339; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.3.1336
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