The relationship between the volume of antimicrobial consumption in human communities and the frequency of resistance

^†Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; and ^‡Department of Microbiology, National University Hospital, IS-101, Reykjavík, Iceland

Communicated by Robert May, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (received for review August 10, 1998)

Footnotes

↵* To whom reprint requests should be addressed. e-mail: daren.austin{at}zoology.ox.ac.uk.
A Commentary on this article begins on page 800.

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Feb 1999	509	279	288
Mar 1999	31	53	110
Apr 1999	22	32	32
May 1999	18	24	24
Jun 1999	16	28	21
Jul 1999	6	14	27
Aug 1999	3	8	8
Sep 1999	13	35	14
Oct 1999	20	48	10
Nov 1999	22	56	26
Dec 1999	23	22	26
Total 1999	683	599	586
Jan 2000	7	29	31
Feb 2000	18	19	31
Mar 2000	19	24	43
Apr 2000	10	23	21
May 2000	4	31	18
Jun 2000	1	18	26
Jul 2000	11	22	24
Aug 2000	3	16	26
Sep 2000	13	23	22
Oct 2000	6	33	30
Nov 2000	15	31	34
Dec 2000	7	16	28
Total 2000	114	285	334
Jan 2001	11	34	57
Feb 2001	7	27	33
Mar 2001	6	39	49
Apr 2001	10	23	29
May 2001	7	37	37
Jun 2001	6	26	22
Jul 2001	8	18	25
Aug 2001	8	28	27
Sep 2001	8	18	21
Oct 2001	11	33	21
Nov 2001	35	62	57
Dec 2001	10	39	27
Total 2001	127	384	405
Jan 2002	9	25	20
Feb 2002	17	39	38
Mar 2002	19	46	52
Apr 2002	23	50	41
May 2002	17	26	39
Jun 2002	13	17	25
Jul 2002	12	20	17
Aug 2002	7	17	16
Sep 2002	22	33	33
Oct 2002	16	36	52
Nov 2002	13	32	34
Dec 2002	9	15	25
Total 2002	177	356	392
Jan 2003	17	38	37
Feb 2003	17	26	48
Mar 2003	20	46	46
Apr 2003	27	42	27
May 2003	14	30	32
Jun 2003	13	17	36
Jul 2003	35	27	29
Aug 2003	16	28	33
Sep 2003	35	46	43
Oct 2003	42	40	54
Nov 2003	40	49	49
Dec 2003	26	27	33
Total 2003	302	416	467
Jan 2004	30	38	33
Feb 2004	36	43	64
Mar 2004	25	40	69
Apr 2004	28	54	57
May 2004	33	58	35
Jun 2004	47	76	38
Jul 2004	57	57	33
Aug 2004	53	69	44
Sep 2004	27	39	39
Oct 2004	42	49	39
Nov 2004	50	52	39
Dec 2004	25	49	24
Total 2004	453	624	514
Jan 2005	27	49	26
Feb 2005	37	61	50
Mar 2005	33	30	32
Apr 2005	23	26	25
May 2005	35	45	48
Jun 2005	24	29	23
Jul 2005	41	19	33
Aug 2005	34	26	25
Sep 2005	47	17	34
Oct 2005	67	42	35
Nov 2005	69	54	44
Dec 2005	41	30	32
Total 2005	478	428	407
Jan 2006	16	51	29
Feb 2006	40	78	40
Mar 2006	27	54	37
Apr 2006	24	47	33
May 2006	8	13	20
Jun 2006	19	38	31
Jul 2006	9	12	14
Aug 2006	20	19	23
Sep 2006	33	20	22
Oct 2006	46	40	29
Nov 2006	64	42	41
Dec 2006	41	21	24
Total 2006	347	435	343
Jan 2007	26	33	26
Feb 2007	42	30	41
Mar 2007	63	28	31
Apr 2007	36	31	25
May 2007	39	26	25
Jun 2007	25	15	20
Jul 2007	13	17	24
Aug 2007	37	20	22
Sep 2007	24	14	28
Oct 2007	34	22	30
Nov 2007	47	17	35
Dec 2007	32	19	28
Total 2007	418	272	335
Jan 2008	38	23	23
Feb 2008	46	15	32
Mar 2008	42	37	34
Apr 2008	51	15	33
May 2008	47	27	37
Jun 2008	54	16	39
Jul 2008	64	12	28
Aug 2008	56	10	32
Sep 2008	56	10	32
Oct 2008	55	25	27
Nov 2008	69	9	36
Dec 2008	48	13	16
Total 2008	626	212	369
Jan 2009	82	14	19
Feb 2009	82	11	31
Mar 2009	67	19	27
Apr 2009	39	16	15
May 2009	47	22	27
Jun 2009	32	10	16
Jul 2009	23	9	15
Aug 2009	28	8	12
Sep 2009	43	20	22
Oct 2009	36	23	17
Nov 2009	31	28	16
Dec 2009	35	35	28
Total 2009	545	215	245
Jan 2010	13	18	11
Feb 2010	6	39	10
Mar 2010	57	35	23
Apr 2010	59	30	31
May 2010	60	24	29
Jun 2010	25	13	14
Jul 2010	19	45	19
Aug 2010	34	38	19
Sep 2010	25	28	21
Oct 2010	28	56	24
Nov 2010	22	51	28
Dec 2010	15	41	20
Total 2010	363	418	249
Jan 2011	19	40	18
Feb 2011	15	29	15
Mar 2011	40	32	24
Apr 2011	70	24	33
May 2011	42	15	27
Jun 2011	32	18	25
Jul 2011	46	11	30
Aug 2011	22	16	19
Sep 2011	43	17	26
Oct 2011	58	34	28
Nov 2011	54	22	37
Dec 2011	38	21	22
Total 2011	479	279	304
Jan 2012	47	18	29
Feb 2012	48	22	27
Mar 2012	38	15	24
Apr 2012	38	26	30
May 2012	42	16	26
Jun 2012	43	17	26
Jul 2012	25	11	23
Aug 2012	23	6	29
Sep 2012	35	17	25
Oct 2012	23	6	25
Nov 2012	42	17	17
Dec 2012	43	14	21
Total 2012	447	185	302
Jan 2013	38	18	35
Feb 2013	53	11	45
Mar 2013	81	32	53
Apr 2013	62	22	39
May 2013	48	22	39
Jun 2013	47	17	42
Jul 2013	33	16	12
Aug 2013	24	25	21
Sep 2013	55	24	22
Oct 2013	71	43	40
Nov 2013	93	28	38
Dec 2013	33	19	26
Total 2013	638	277	412
Jan 2014	50	55	30
Feb 2014	86	46	28
Mar 2014	67	81	49
Apr 2014	80	43	46
May 2014	57	23	21
Jun 2014	63	18	30
Jul 2014	31	12	7
Aug 2014	52	29	21
Sep 2014	58	37	20
Oct 2014	80	62	21
Nov 2014	87	60	22
Dec 2014	38	33	11
Total 2014	749	499	306
Jan 2015	73	37	14
Feb 2015	62	31	18
Mar 2015	85	38	20
Apr 2015	104	66	26
May 2015	32	20	8
Jun 2015	35	21	12
Jul 2015	45	26	14
Aug 2015	43	23	24
Sep 2015	72	46	22
Oct 2015	103	46	21
Nov 2015	88	36	34
Dec 2015	59	33	29
Total 2015	801	423	242
Jan 2016	55	36	28
Feb 2016	27	28	14
Mar 2016	43	42	23
Apr 2016	29	27	17
May 2016	18	14	30
Jun 2016	43	17	20
Jul 2016	53	23	24
Aug 2016	55	10	15
Sep 2016	85	28	24
Oct 2016	73	32	33
Nov 2016	70	24	25
Dec 2016	66	22	25
Total 2016	617	303	278
Jan 2017	55	15	26
Feb 2017	58	24	23
Mar 2017	108	31	22
Apr 2017	82	23	18
May 2017	56	25	26
Jun 2017	40	33	21
Jul 2017	36	20	15
Aug 2017	64	26	20
Sep 2017	51	27	17
Oct 2017	72	30	128
Nov 2017	78	35	27
Dec 2017	62	35	19
Total 2017	762	324	362
Jan 2018	72	75	27
Feb 2018	78	36	25
Mar 2018	69	48	33
Apr 2018	54	40	21
May 2018	59	49	25
Jun 2018	47	32	22
Jul 2018	43	31	15
Aug 2018	76	59	18
Sep 2018	62	34	28
Oct 2018	59	52	39
Nov 2018	48	61	25
Dec 2018	40	46	34
Total 2018	707	563	312
Jan 2019	47	42	24
Feb 2019	32	65	22
Mar 2019	31	119	34
Apr 2019	38	112	24
May 2019	32	57	28
Jun 2019	20	53	20
Jul 2019	27	49	24
Aug 2019	33	40	31
Sep 2019	23	35	21
Oct 2019	33	69	32
Nov 2019	35	56	27
Dec 2019	19	79	20
Total 2019	370	776	307
Jan 2020	22	84	20
Feb 2020	19	89	18
Mar 2020	11	43	12
Apr 2020	17	55	19
May 2020	18	77	15
Jun 2020	26	45	10
Jul 2020	14	40	12
Aug 2020	5	30	22
Sep 2020	23	57	23
Oct 2020	18	38	32
Nov 2020	18	49	34
Dec 2020	34	43	22
Total 2020	225	650	239
Jan 2021	13	39	16
Total 2021	13	39	16
Total	10441	8962	7726