Muons penetrate much further than X-rays, they do essentially zero damage, and they are provided for free by the cosmos.
Image credit: Science Source/Digital Globe.
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Edited by Daniel S. Chemla, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, and approved May 12, 2000 (received for review March 10, 2000)
Abstract
The diffraction barrier responsible for a finite focal spot size and limited resolution in far-field fluorescence microscopy has been fundamentally broken. This is accomplished by quenching excited organic molecules at the rim of the focal spot through stimulated emission. Along the optic axis, the spot size was reduced by up to 6 times beyond the diffraction barrier. The simultaneous 2-fold improvement in the radial direction rendered a nearly spherical fluorescence spot with a diameter of 90–110 nm. The spot volume of down to 0.67 attoliters is 18 times smaller than that of confocal microscopy, thus making our results also relevant to three-dimensional photochemistry and single molecule spectroscopy. Images of live cells reveal greater details.
Footnotes
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↵† To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: shell{at}gwdg.de.
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This paper was submitted directly (Track II) to the PNAS office.
Abbreviations
- PSF,
- point-spread-function;
- STED,
- stimulated emission depletion;
- 3D,
- three-dimensional;
- FWHM,
- full-width-at-half-maximum
- Received March 10, 2000.
- Copyright © 2000, The National Academy of Sciences
Fluorescence microscopy with diffraction resolution barrier broken by stimulated emission
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