Skip to main content
  • Submit
  • About
    • Editorial Board
    • PNAS Staff
    • FAQ
    • Accessibility Statement
    • Rights and Permissions
    • Site Map
  • Contact
  • Journal Club
  • Subscribe
    • Subscription Rates
    • Subscriptions FAQ
    • Open Access
    • Recommend PNAS to Your Librarian
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current
    • Special Feature Articles - Most Recent
    • Special Features
    • Colloquia
    • Collected Articles
    • PNAS Classics
    • List of Issues
  • Front Matter
  • News
    • For the Press
    • This Week In PNAS
    • PNAS in the News
  • Podcasts
  • Authors
    • Information for Authors
    • Editorial and Journal Policies
    • Submission Procedures
    • Fees and Licenses
  • Submit
  • About
    • Editorial Board
    • PNAS Staff
    • FAQ
    • Accessibility Statement
    • Rights and Permissions
    • Site Map
  • Contact
  • Journal Club
  • Subscribe
    • Subscription Rates
    • Subscriptions FAQ
    • Open Access
    • Recommend PNAS to Your Librarian

User menu

  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Home
Home

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current
    • Special Feature Articles - Most Recent
    • Special Features
    • Colloquia
    • Collected Articles
    • PNAS Classics
    • List of Issues
  • Front Matter
  • News
    • For the Press
    • This Week In PNAS
    • PNAS in the News
  • Podcasts
  • Authors
    • Information for Authors
    • Editorial and Journal Policies
    • Submission Procedures
    • Fees and Licenses

New Research In

Physical Sciences

Featured Portals

  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Sustainability Science

Articles by Topic

  • Applied Mathematics
  • Applied Physical Sciences
  • Astronomy
  • Computer Sciences
  • Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
  • Engineering
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Mathematics
  • Statistics

Social Sciences

Featured Portals

  • Anthropology
  • Sustainability Science

Articles by Topic

  • Economic Sciences
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Political Sciences
  • Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
  • Social Sciences

Biological Sciences

Featured Portals

  • Sustainability Science

Articles by Topic

  • Agricultural Sciences
  • Anthropology
  • Applied Biological Sciences
  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics and Computational Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Ecology
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Evolution
  • Genetics
  • Immunology and Inflammation
  • Medical Sciences
  • Microbiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Physiology
  • Plant Biology
  • Population Biology
  • Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
  • Sustainability Science
  • Systems Biology
Research Article

Neural correlates of instrumental learning in primary auditory cortex

David T. Blake, Fabrizio Strata, Anne K. Churchland, and Michael M. Merzenich
PNAS July 23, 2002 99 (15) 10114-10119; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092278099
David T. Blake
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Fabrizio Strata
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Anne K. Churchland
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Michael M. Merzenich
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  1. Contributed by Michael M. Merzenich

  • Article
  • Figures & SI
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Article Figures & SI

Figures

  • Tables
  • Figure 1
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Figure 1

    Schematic drawing of a trial. A trial began with an orienting response, the animal breaking an infrared beam in front of its nose. Two to six standard tones were then repeated. After the tones changed to the target frequency, which was higher than the standard frequency, the animal could remove its head from the beam to receive a fruit-juice reward.

  • Figure 2
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Figure 2

    (A) (Upper) The sum of all responses sampled from the array as a function of frequency and intensity in the first week of behavioral training. (Lower) Responses in the last week. The black bars indicate the range of frequencies and intensities used as targets in the behavior. (Left) Animal one; (Right) animal two. (B) The sum of all responses to different frequencies at the trained intensity. At the end of training, every standard frequency response was lower than the response to at least 10 of the next 12 higher frequencies. Each of the eight plots is individually normalized to its maximum and minimum response. Standard frequencies are indicated by thin vertical lines.

  • Figure 3
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Figure 3

    Changes in threshold and selectivity with time. (A) Thresholds vs. time are shown on the top for animal one. Selectivity of target and nontarget ranges are shown on the bottom. (B) Animal two. Targets were presented in frequency ranges symbolized with a circle and star. Nontarget ranges are symbolized by an X. In all cases, significant differences emerged between the target and nontarget frequency ranges.

  • Figure 4
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Figure 4

    Daily changes across the breakpoint in animal two for the upper frequency range. Circles show average response to the target frequency range. Xs show the daily response to the standards. Stars show the responses to frequencies not used in the behavior. All physiological responses are derived immediately before the corresponding behavioral sessions. The animal first achieved performance above chance before day 0 recordings.

Tables

  • Figures
    • View popup
    Table 1

    t test results for Fig. 3t statistics and associated probabilities for significant changes are shown

    WeekAnimal one Animal two
    t-statPt-stat-1P-1t-stat-2P-2
    0——————
    1——4.530.00002——
    22.7560.00510.805.453e-7
    3——5.012e-6——
    42.6660.0086.778e-10——
    55.035e-710.803.140.002
    66.441e-10
    • t-stat-1 is the statistic for the upper target frequency range for animal two, and t-stat-2 is the statistic for the lower target frequency range. 

PreviousNext
Back to top
Article Alerts
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on PNAS.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Neural correlates of instrumental learning in primary auditory cortex
(Your Name) has sent you a message from PNAS
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the PNAS web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Neural correlates of instrumental learning in primary auditory cortex
David T. Blake, Fabrizio Strata, Anne K. Churchland, Michael M. Merzenich
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jul 2002, 99 (15) 10114-10119; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.092278099

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Request Permissions
Share
Neural correlates of instrumental learning in primary auditory cortex
David T. Blake, Fabrizio Strata, Anne K. Churchland, Michael M. Merzenich
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jul 2002, 99 (15) 10114-10119; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.092278099
Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Mendeley logo Mendeley
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 99 (15)
Table of Contents

Submit

Sign up for Article Alerts

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & SI
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

You May Also be Interested in

Abstract depiction of a guitar and musical note
Science & Culture: At the nexus of music and medicine, some see disease treatments
Although the evidence is still limited, a growing body of research suggests music may have beneficial effects for diseases such as Parkinson’s.
Image credit: Shutterstock/agsandrew.
Scientist looking at an electronic tablet
Opinion: Standardizing gene product nomenclature—a call to action
Biomedical communities and journals need to standardize nomenclature of gene products to enhance accuracy in scientific and public communication.
Image credit: Shutterstock/greenbutterfly.
One red and one yellow modeled protein structures
Journal Club: Study reveals evolutionary origins of fold-switching protein
Shapeshifting designs could have wide-ranging pharmaceutical and biomedical applications in coming years.
Image credit: Acacia Dishman/Medical College of Wisconsin.
White and blue bird
Hazards of ozone pollution to birds
Amanda Rodewald, Ivan Rudik, and Catherine Kling talk about the hazards of ozone pollution to birds.
Listen
Past PodcastsSubscribe
Goats standing in a pin
Transplantation of sperm-producing stem cells
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing can improve the effectiveness of spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in mice and livestock, a study finds.
Image credit: Jon M. Oatley.

Similar Articles

Site Logo
Powered by HighWire
  • Submit Manuscript
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • RSS Feeds
  • Email Alerts

Articles

  • Current Issue
  • Latest Articles
  • Archive

PNAS Portals

  • Anthropology
  • Chemistry
  • Classics
  • Front Matter
  • Physics
  • Sustainability Science
  • Teaching Resources

Information

  • Authors
  • Editorial Board
  • Reviewers
  • Librarians
  • Press
  • Site Map
  • PNAS Updates

Feedback    Privacy/Legal

Copyright © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. Online ISSN 1091-6490