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Research Article

Plant-produced idiotype vaccines for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Safety and immunogenicity in a phase I clinical study

A. A. McCormick, S. Reddy, S. J. Reinl, T. I. Cameron, D. K. Czerwinkski, F. Vojdani, K. M. Hanley, S. J. Garger, E. L. White, J. Novak, J. Barrett, R. B. Holtz, D. Tusé, and R. Levy
  1. *Large Scale Biology Corporation, 3333 Vaca Valley Parkway, Vacaville, CA 95688;
  2. †Touro College of Pharmacy, Touro University, 110 Johnson Lane, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA 94592;
  3. ‡Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5151;
  4. §CBR International Corporation 2905 Wilderness Place, Suite 202, Boulder, CO 80301;
  5. ¶Bayer HealthCare, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94701;
  6. ‖Integrated Biomolecule Corporation, 2005 Innovation Park Drive, Tucson, AZ 85755;
  7. **Biologics Consulting Group, Inc., P.O. Box 3025, Evergreen, CO 80437; and
  8. ††Holtz Biopharma Consulting, 3930 Accent Drive, #1911, Dallas, TX 75287

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PNAS first published July 21, 2008; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803636105
A. A. McCormick
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S. Reddy
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S. J. Reinl
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T. I. Cameron
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D. K. Czerwinkski
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F. Vojdani
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K. M. Hanley
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S. J. Garger
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E. L. White
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J. Novak
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J. Barrett
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R. B. Holtz
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D. Tusé
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R. Levy
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  • For correspondence: levy@stanford.edu
  1. Communicated by Charles J. Arntzen, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, May 2, 2008 (received for review December 10, 2007)

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Abstract

Plant-made vaccines have been the subject of intense interest because they can be produced economically in large scale without the use of animal-derived components. Plant-made therapeutic vaccines against challenging chronic diseases, such as cancer, have received little research attention, and no previous human clinical trials have been conducted in this vaccine category. We document the feasibility of using a plant viral expression system to produce personalized (patient-specific) recombinant idiotype vaccines against follicular B cell lymphoma and the results of administering these vaccines to lymphoma patients in a phase I safety and immunogenicity clinical trial. The system allowed rapid production and recovery of idiotypic single-chain antibodies (scFv) derived from each patient's tumor and immunization of patients with their own individual therapeutic antigen. Both low and high doses of vaccines, administered alone or co-administered with the adjuvant GM-CSF, were well tolerated with no serious adverse events. A majority (>70%) of the patients developed cellular or humoral immune responses, and 47% of the patients developed antigen-specific responses. Because 15 of 16 vaccines were glycosylated in plants, this study also shows that variation in patterns of antigen glycosylation do not impair the immunogenicity or affect the safety of the vaccines. Collectively, these findings support the conclusion that plant-produced idiotype vaccines are feasible to produce, safe to administer, and a viable option for idiotype-specific immune therapy in follicular lymphoma patients.

  • phase I clinical trial
  • plant-made pharmaceutical
  • single-chain antibodies

Footnotes

  • ‡‡To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Stanford University Medical Center, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR Room 1105, Stanford, CA 94305-5151. E-mail: levy{at}stanford.edu
  • Author contributions: A.A.M., S.J.R., T.I.C., F.V., K.M.H., S.J.G., E.L.W., J.B., D.T., and R.L. designed research; S.R., S.J.R., T.I.C., D.K.C., F.V., and K.M.H. performed research; A.A.M., S.J.R., T.I.C., F.V., K.M.H., and R.B.H. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; A.A.M., S.R., D.K.C., S.J.G., E.L.W., J.N., J.B., and R.L. analyzed data; and A.A.M., S.R., S.J.R., T.I.C., D.T., and R.L. wrote the paper.

  • The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  • © 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
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Plant-produced idiotype vaccines for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Safety and immunogenicity in a phase I clinical study
A. A. McCormick, S. Reddy, S. J. Reinl, T. I. Cameron, D. K. Czerwinkski, F. Vojdani, K. M. Hanley, S. J. Garger, E. L. White, J. Novak, J. Barrett, R. B. Holtz, D. Tusé, R. Levy
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jul 2008, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803636105

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Plant-produced idiotype vaccines for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Safety and immunogenicity in a phase I clinical study
A. A. McCormick, S. Reddy, S. J. Reinl, T. I. Cameron, D. K. Czerwinkski, F. Vojdani, K. M. Hanley, S. J. Garger, E. L. White, J. Novak, J. Barrett, R. B. Holtz, D. Tusé, R. Levy
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jul 2008, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803636105
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