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Edited by Elizabeth S. Spelke, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved December 31, 2012 (received for review June 11, 2012)
Abstract
State-attribution is the ability to ascribe to others an internal life like one’s own and to understand that internal, psychological states such as desire, hope, belief, and knowledge underlie others’ actions. Despite extensive research, comparative studies struggle to adequately integrate key factors of state-attribution that have been identified by evolutionary and developmental psychology as well as research on empathy. Here, we develop a behavioral paradigm to address these issues and investigate whether male Eurasian jays respond to the changing desire-state of their female partners when sharing food. We demonstrate that males feed their mates flexibly according to the female’s current food preference. Critically, we show that the males need to see what the female has previously eaten to know what food she will currently want. Consequently, the males’ sharing pattern was not simply a response to their mate’s behavior indicating her preference as to what he should share, nor was it a response to the males’ own desire-state. Our results raise the possibility that these birds may be capable of ascribing desire to their mates.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: nsc22{at}cam.ac.uk.
Author contributions: L.O., R.C.S., L.G.C., and N.S.C. designed research; L.O., R.C.S., and L.G.C. performed research; L.O. analyzed data; and L.O., R.C.S., L.G.C., and N.S.C. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1209926110/-/DCSupplemental.
Attribution of desire-states in Eurasian jays
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