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Research Article

Ultralocalized thermal reactions in subnanoliter droplets-in-air

Eric Salm, Carlos Duarte Guevara, Piyush Dak, Brian Ross Dorvel, Bobby Reddy Jr., Muhammad Ashraf Alam, and Rashid Bashir
PNAS first published February 11, 2013; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219639110
Eric Salm
aDepartment of Bioengineering,
bMicro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, and
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Carlos Duarte Guevara
bMicro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, and
cDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
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Piyush Dak
dBirck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906; and
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Brian Ross Dorvel
bMicro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, and
eCenter for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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Bobby Reddy Jr.
bMicro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, and
cDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
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Muhammad Ashraf Alam
dBirck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906; and
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Rashid Bashir
aDepartment of Bioengineering,
bMicro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, and
cDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
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  • For correspondence: rbashir@illinois.edu
  1. Edited by Robert Westervelt, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and accepted by the Editorial Board January 4, 2013 (received for review November 12, 2012)

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Abstract

Miniaturized laboratory-on-chip systems promise rapid, sensitive, and multiplexed detection of biological samples for medical diagnostics, drug discovery, and high-throughput screening. Within miniaturized laboratory-on-chips, static and dynamic droplets of fluids in different immiscible media have been used as individual vessels to perform biochemical reactions and confine the products. Approaches to perform localized heating of these individual subnanoliter droplets can allow for new applications that require parallel, time-, and space-multiplex reactions on a single integrated circuit. Our method positions droplets on an array of individual silicon microwave heaters on chip to precisely control the temperature of droplets-in-air, allowing us to perform biochemical reactions, including DNA melting and detection of single base mismatches. We also demonstrate that ssDNA probe molecules can be placed on heaters in solution, dried, and then rehydrated by ssDNA target molecules in droplets for hybridization and detection. This platform enables many applications in droplets including hybridization of low copy number DNA molecules, lysing of single cells, interrogation of ligand–receptor interactions, and rapid temperature cycling for amplification of DNA molecules.

  • nanowire
  • on-chip heating
  • evaporation

Footnotes

  • ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rbashir{at}illinois.edu.
  • Author contributions: E.S., B.R.D., M.A.A., and R.B. designed research; E.S., C.D.G., P.D., and B.R. performed research; P.D. and M.A.A. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; E.S., C.D.G., P.D., B.R.D., B.R., M.A.A., and R.B. analyzed data; and E.S., M.A.A., and R.B. wrote the paper.

  • The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  • This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. R.W. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.

  • This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1219639110/-/DCSupplemental.

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Localized reactions in sub-nL droplets-in-air
Eric Salm, Carlos Duarte Guevara, Piyush Dak, Brian Ross Dorvel, Bobby Reddy, Muhammad Ashraf Alam, Rashid Bashir
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Feb 2013, 201219639; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219639110

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Localized reactions in sub-nL droplets-in-air
Eric Salm, Carlos Duarte Guevara, Piyush Dak, Brian Ross Dorvel, Bobby Reddy, Muhammad Ashraf Alam, Rashid Bashir
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Feb 2013, 201219639; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219639110
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