Goats from the Zagros Mountains may represent the earliest examples of goat herding.
Image credit: The Central Zagros Project.
Contributed by Michael I. Posner, June 25, 2013 (sent for review June 1, 2013)
Abstract
More than 5 million deaths a year are attributable to tobacco smoking, but attempts to help people either quit or reduce their smoking often fail, perhaps in part because the intention to quit activates brain networks related to craving. We recruited participants interested in general stress reduction and randomly assigned them to meditation training or a relaxation training control. Among smokers, 2 wk of meditation training (5 h in total) produced a significant reduction in smoking of 60%; no reduction was found in the relaxation control. Resting-state brain scans showed increased activity for the meditation group in the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex, brain areas related to self-control. These results suggest that brief meditation training improves self-control capacity and reduces smoking.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: mposner{at}uoregon.edu or yiyuan.tang{at}ttu.edu.
Author contributions: Y.-Y.T. and M.I.P. designed research; Y.-Y.T. performed research; Y.-Y.T. and R.T. analyzed data; and Y.-Y.T., R.T., and M.I.P. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
Brief meditation induces smoking reduction
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