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Edited* by Lee D. Ross, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved March 25, 2014 (received for review April 5, 2013)
Significance
The rate of erroneous conviction of innocent criminal defendants is often described as not merely unknown but unknowable. We use survival analysis to model this effect, and estimate that if all death-sentenced defendants remained under sentence of death indefinitely at least 4.1% would be exonerated. We conclude that this is a conservative estimate of the proportion of false conviction among death sentences in the United States.
Abstract
The rate of erroneous conviction of innocent criminal defendants is often described as not merely unknown but unknowable. There is no systematic method to determine the accuracy of a criminal conviction; if there were, these errors would not occur in the first place. As a result, very few false convictions are ever discovered, and those that are discovered are not representative of the group as a whole. In the United States, however, a high proportion of false convictions that do come to light and produce exonerations are concentrated among the tiny minority of cases in which defendants are sentenced to death. This makes it possible to use data on death row exonerations to estimate the overall rate of false conviction among death sentences. The high rate of exoneration among death-sentenced defendants appears to be driven by the threat of execution, but most death-sentenced defendants are removed from death row and resentenced to life imprisonment, after which the likelihood of exoneration drops sharply. We use survival analysis to model this effect, and estimate that if all death-sentenced defendants remained under sentence of death indefinitely, at least 4.1% would be exonerated. We conclude that this is a conservative estimate of the proportion of false conviction among death sentences in the United States.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: srgross{at}umich.edu.
Author contributions: S.R.G. and B.O. designed research; S.R.G. and B.O. performed research; C.H. and E.H.K. analyzed data; and S.R.G. and B.O. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
↵*This Direct Submission article had a prearranged editor.
†A reviewer of an earlier draft suggested an alternative analytic approach. The suggested approach postulates a campaign process that gives some but not all death-sentenced defendants the opportunity to be exonerated. Identification of the false conviction rate is then based on independence assumptions between innocence and removal from death row. With more complete data of the sort required for the best realization of this insightful approach, we believe that it would offer a particularly valuable supplement, and test of the robustness, of our findings and conclusions.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1306417111/-/DCSupplemental.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
Rate of false conviction in capital cases
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