Researchers are exploring whether these ubiquitous fluorinated molecules might worsen infections or hamper vaccine effectiveness.
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Contributed by Yuet Wai Kan, April 29, 2014 (sent for review March 26, 2014)
Significance
Patients homozygous for the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) gene with 32-bp deletions (Δ32) are resistant to HIV infection. Using the piggyBac technology plus transcription activator-like effector nucleases or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9, the authors report, to our knowledge, for the first time in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) the efficient and seamless derivation of a homozygous CCR5Δ32 mutation, exactly mimicking the natural mutation. Monocytes and macrophages differentiated from these mutated iPSCs in vitro are resistant to HIV infection. This approach can be applied in the future toward the functional cure of HIV infection. The findings are also of great interest to researchers in many fields who wish to correct or introduce mutations in specific genes.
Abstract
Individuals homozygous for the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 gene with 32-bp deletions (CCR5Δ32) are resistant to HIV-1 infection. In this study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) homozygous for the naturally occurring CCR5Δ32 mutation through genome editing of wild-type iPSCs using a combination of transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) or RNA-guided clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 together with the piggyBac technology. Remarkably, TALENs or CRISPR-Cas9–mediated double-strand DNA breaks resulted in up to 100% targeting of the colonies on one allele of which biallelic targeting occurred at an average of 14% with TALENs and 33% with CRISPR. Excision of the piggyBac using transposase seamlessly reproduced exactly the naturally occurring CCR5Δ32 mutation without detectable exogenous sequences. We differentiated these modified iPSCs into monocytes/macrophages and demonstrated their resistance to HIV-1 challenge. We propose that this strategy may provide an approach toward a functional cure of HIV-1 infection.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: lin.ye{at}ucsf.edu or yw.kan{at}ucsf.edu.
Author contributions: L.Y., J.A.L., and Y.W.K. designed research; L.Y., J.W., A.I.B., F.T., T.J.C., Z.Q., and J.C.C. performed research; G.B., M.O.M., J.Y., and J.A.L. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; L.Y., T.J.C., Z.Q., J.A.L., and Y.W.K. analyzed data; and L.Y. and Y.W.K. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1407473111/-/DCSupplemental.
Seamless CCR5∆32 mutation resistant to HIV
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