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Edited by Robert M. May, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, and approved November 17, 2014 (received for review July 4, 2014)
Significance
Emerging pandemics are increasing in frequency, threatening global health and economic growth. Global strategies to thwart pandemics can be classed as adaptive (reducing impact after a disease emerges) or mitigation (reducing the causes of pandemics). Our economic analysis shows that the optimal time to implement a globally coordinated adaptive policy is within 27 y and that given geopolitical challenges around pandemic control, these should be implemented urgently. Furthermore, we find that mitigation policies, those aimed at reducing the likelihood of an emerging disease originating, are more cost effective, saving between $344.0 billion and $360.8 billion over the next 100 y if implemented today.
Abstract
Emerging pandemics threaten global health and economies and are increasing in frequency. Globally coordinated strategies to combat pandemics, similar to current strategies that address climate change, are largely adaptive, in that they attempt to reduce the impact of a pathogen after it has emerged. However, like climate change, mitigation strategies have been developed that include programs to reduce the underlying drivers of pandemics, particularly animal-to-human disease transmission. Here, we use real options economic modeling of current globally coordinated adaptation strategies for pandemic prevention. We show that they would be optimally implemented within 27 y to reduce the annual rise of emerging infectious disease events by 50% at an estimated one-time cost of approximately $343.7 billion. We then analyze World Bank data on multilateral “One Health” pandemic mitigation programs. We find that, because most pandemics have animal origins, mitigation is a more cost-effective policy than business-as-usual adaptation programs, saving between $344.0.7 billion and $360.3 billion over the next 100 y if implemented today. We conclude that globally coordinated pandemic prevention policies need to be enacted urgently to be optimally effective and that strategies to mitigate pandemics by reducing the impact of their underlying drivers are likely to be more effective than business as usual.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: daszak{at}ecohealthalliance.org.
Author contributions: J.P., T.B., D.C.F., and P.D. designed research; J.P., S.E., D.C.F., and P.D. performed research; J.P. and D.C.F. analyzed data; and J.P., T.B., S.E., D.C.F., and P.D. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1412661112/-/DCSupplemental.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
- aDepartment of Economics and Finance, College of Business, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071;
- bEcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001;
- cFogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
- dDepartment of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
Edited by Robert M. May, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, and approved November 17, 2014 (received for review July 4, 2014)
Significance
Emerging pandemics are increasing in frequency, threatening global health and economic growth. Global strategies to thwart pandemics can be classed as adaptive (reducing impact after a disease emerges) or mitigation (reducing the causes of pandemics). Our economic analysis shows that the optimal time to implement a globally coordinated adaptive policy is within 27 y and that given geopolitical challenges around pandemic control, these should be implemented urgently. Furthermore, we find that mitigation policies, those aimed at reducing the likelihood of an emerging disease originating, are more cost effective, saving between $344.0 billion and $360.8 billion over the next 100 y if implemented today.
Abstract
Emerging pandemics threaten global health and economies and are increasing in frequency. Globally coordinated strategies to combat pandemics, similar to current strategies that address climate change, are largely adaptive, in that they attempt to reduce the impact of a pathogen after it has emerged. However, like climate change, mitigation strategies have been developed that include programs to reduce the underlying drivers of pandemics, particularly animal-to-human disease transmission. Here, we use real options economic modeling of current globally coordinated adaptation strategies for pandemic prevention. We show that they would be optimally implemented within 27 y to reduce the annual rise of emerging infectious disease events by 50% at an estimated one-time cost of approximately $343.7 billion. We then analyze World Bank data on multilateral “One Health” pandemic mitigation programs. We find that, because most pandemics have animal origins, mitigation is a more cost-effective policy than business-as-usual adaptation programs, saving between $344.0.7 billion and $360.3 billion over the next 100 y if implemented today. We conclude that globally coordinated pandemic prevention policies need to be enacted urgently to be optimally effective and that strategies to mitigate pandemics by reducing the impact of their underlying drivers are likely to be more effective than business as usual.
- emerging infectious diseases
- One Health
- adaptation
- mitigation
- climate change
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: daszak{at}ecohealthalliance.org.
Author contributions: J.P., T.B., D.C.F., and P.D. designed research; J.P., S.E., D.C.F., and P.D. performed research; J.P. and D.C.F. analyzed data; and J.P., T.B., S.E., D.C.F., and P.D. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1412661112/-/DCSupplemental.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
Economic optimization of global pandemic strategy
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