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Edited by Donald E. Canfield, Institute of Biology and Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M., Denmark, and approved February 6, 2015 (received for review July 30, 2014)
Significance
Phylogenomic extrapolations indicate the last common ancestor of sponges and eumetazoans existed deep in the Cryogenian, perhaps 200 million years (Myr) before the Cambrian (541 Ma). This inference implies a long Precambrian history of animals phylogenetically allied with sponges. However, there is yet little unequivocal paleontological evidence of Precambrian sponges. Here, we present a newly discovered 600-Myr-old fossil preserved at cellular resolution, displaying multiple poriferan features. The animal was covered with a dense layer of flattened cells resembling sponge pinacocytes, displaying a hollow tubular structure with apparent water inflow and outflow orifices. Although requiring additional specimens of similar form for confirmation, this finding is consistent with phylogenomic inference, and implies the presence of eumetazoan ancestors by 60 Myr before the Cambrian.
Abstract
An extraordinarily well preserved, 600-million-year (Myr)-old, three-dimensionally phosphatized fossil displaying multiple independent characters of modern adult sponges has been analyzed by SEM and synchrotron X-ray tomography. The fossilized animal (Eocyathispongia qiania gen. et sp. nov.) is slightly more than 1.2 mm wide and 1.1 mm tall, is composed of hundreds of thousands of cells, and has a gross structure consisting of three adjacent hollow tubes sharing a common base. The main tube is crowned with a large open funnel, and the others end in osculum-like openings to the exterior. The external surface is densely covered with flat tile-like cells closely resembling sponge pinacocytes, and this layer is punctuated with smaller pores. A dense patch of external structures that display the form of a lawn of sponge papillae has also survived. Within the main funnel, an area where features of the inner surface are preserved displays a regular pattern of uniform pits. Many of them are surrounded individually by distinct collars, mounted in a supporting reticulum. The possibility cannot be excluded that these pits are the remains of a field of choanocytes. The character set evinced by this specimen, ranging from general anatomy to cell type, uniquely indicates that this specimen is a fossil of probable poriferan affinity. So far, we have only this single specimen, and although its organized and complex cellular structure precludes any reasonable interpretation that its origin is abiogenic, confirmation that it is indeed a fossilized sponge will clearly require discovery of additional specimens.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: myzhu{at}nigpas.ac.cn.
Author contributions: M.Z. and E.H.D. designed research; Z.Y., M.Z., E.H.D., D.J.B., and F.Z. performed research; Z.Y. and P.T. conducted the synchrotron X-ray microtomographic experiments and analyzed volume data; and Z.Y., M.Z., E.H.D., and D.J.B. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1414577112/-/DCSupplemental.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
- Zongjun Yina,
- Maoyan Zhua,1,
- Eric H. Davidsonb,
- David J. Bottjerc,
- Fangchen Zhaoa, and
- Paul Tafforeaud
- aState Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;
- bDivision of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
- cDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089; and
- dEuropean Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38000, France
Edited by Donald E. Canfield, Institute of Biology and Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M., Denmark, and approved February 6, 2015 (received for review July 30, 2014)
Significance
Phylogenomic extrapolations indicate the last common ancestor of sponges and eumetazoans existed deep in the Cryogenian, perhaps 200 million years (Myr) before the Cambrian (541 Ma). This inference implies a long Precambrian history of animals phylogenetically allied with sponges. However, there is yet little unequivocal paleontological evidence of Precambrian sponges. Here, we present a newly discovered 600-Myr-old fossil preserved at cellular resolution, displaying multiple poriferan features. The animal was covered with a dense layer of flattened cells resembling sponge pinacocytes, displaying a hollow tubular structure with apparent water inflow and outflow orifices. Although requiring additional specimens of similar form for confirmation, this finding is consistent with phylogenomic inference, and implies the presence of eumetazoan ancestors by 60 Myr before the Cambrian.
Abstract
An extraordinarily well preserved, 600-million-year (Myr)-old, three-dimensionally phosphatized fossil displaying multiple independent characters of modern adult sponges has been analyzed by SEM and synchrotron X-ray tomography. The fossilized animal (Eocyathispongia qiania gen. et sp. nov.) is slightly more than 1.2 mm wide and 1.1 mm tall, is composed of hundreds of thousands of cells, and has a gross structure consisting of three adjacent hollow tubes sharing a common base. The main tube is crowned with a large open funnel, and the others end in osculum-like openings to the exterior. The external surface is densely covered with flat tile-like cells closely resembling sponge pinacocytes, and this layer is punctuated with smaller pores. A dense patch of external structures that display the form of a lawn of sponge papillae has also survived. Within the main funnel, an area where features of the inner surface are preserved displays a regular pattern of uniform pits. Many of them are surrounded individually by distinct collars, mounted in a supporting reticulum. The possibility cannot be excluded that these pits are the remains of a field of choanocytes. The character set evinced by this specimen, ranging from general anatomy to cell type, uniquely indicates that this specimen is a fossil of probable poriferan affinity. So far, we have only this single specimen, and although its organized and complex cellular structure precludes any reasonable interpretation that its origin is abiogenic, confirmation that it is indeed a fossilized sponge will clearly require discovery of additional specimens.
- Precambrian
- sponge fossil
- metazoan phylogeny
- Doushantuo Formation
- synchrotron X-ray tomography
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: myzhu{at}nigpas.ac.cn.
Author contributions: M.Z. and E.H.D. designed research; Z.Y., M.Z., E.H.D., D.J.B., and F.Z. performed research; Z.Y. and P.T. conducted the synchrotron X-ray microtomographic experiments and analyzed volume data; and Z.Y., M.Z., E.H.D., and D.J.B. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1414577112/-/DCSupplemental.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
Precambrian sponge fossil with cellular resolution
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