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Edited by Rod A. Wing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, and accepted by the Editorial Board August 31, 2015 (received for review November 2, 2014)
Significance
Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) is distinct in its high starch and low fat accumulation. However, the underlying genetic basis is still not well understood. In this study, we generated a high-quality draft genome sequence of adzuki bean by using whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy. By comparative genomic and transcriptome analyses, we demonstrated that the significant difference in starch and fat content between adzuki bean and soybean were caused by transcriptional abundance rather than copy number variations in the genes related to starch and oil synthesis. Furthermore, through resequencing of 49 population accessions, we identified strong selection during domestication and suggested that the semiwild adzuki bean was a preliminary landrace. Generally, our results provide insight into evolution and metabolism of legumes.
Abstract
Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), an important legume crop, is grown in more than 30 countries of the world. The seed of adzuki bean, as an important source of starch, digestible protein, mineral elements, and vitamins, is widely used foods for at least a billion people. Here, we generated a high-quality draft genome sequence of adzuki bean by whole-genome shotgun sequencing. The assembled contig sequences reached to 450 Mb (83% of the genome) with an N50 of 38 kb, and the total scaffold sequences were 466.7 Mb with an N50 of 1.29 Mb. Of them, 372.9 Mb of scaffold sequences were assigned to the 11 chromosomes of adzuki bean by using a single nucleotide polymorphism genetic map. A total of 34,183 protein-coding genes were predicted. Functional analysis revealed that significant differences in starch and fat content between adzuki bean and soybean were likely due to transcriptional abundance, rather than copy number variations, of the genes related to starch and oil synthesis. We detected strong selection signals in domestication by the population analysis of 50 accessions including 11 wild, 11 semiwild, 17 landraces, and 11 improved varieties. In addition, the semiwild accessions were illuminated to have a closer relationship to the cultigen accessions than the wild type, suggesting that the semiwild adzuki bean might be a preliminary landrace and play some roles in the adzuki bean domestication. The genome sequence of adzuki bean will facilitate the identification of agronomically important genes and accelerate the improvement of adzuki bean.
Footnotes
↵1K.Y., Z.T., C.H.C., and L.H.L. contributed equally to this work.
- ↵2To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: pingwan{at}bua.edu.cn, r.k.varshney{at}cgiar.org, wangj{at}genomics.org.cn, or hqling{at}genetics.ac.cn.
Author contributions: Z.T., R.K.V., Jun Wang, H.-Q.L., and P.W. designed research; K.Y., Z.T., B.Z., Yisong Li, Yongqiang Li, Y.Z., D.A., C.S., M.W., D.S., P.Z., F.G., W.W., Yuan Li, Jinlong Wang, H.-Q.L., and P.W. performed research; Jun Wang contributed new reagents/analytic tools; C.H.C., L.H.L., Z.W., L.Y., Y.S., W.L., Y.C., J.Z., Y.M., B.W., and L.G. analyzed data; and K.Y., Z.T., C.H.C., R.K.V., H.-Q.L., and P.W. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. R.A.W. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.
Data deposition: This Whole Genome Shotgun project has been deposited at DNA Data Bank of Japan/European Molecular Biology Laboratory/GenBank under the accession no. JZJH00000000. The version described in this paper is version JZJH01000000. All short-read data have been deposited into the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under accession no. SRA259080. Raw sequence data of the transcriptomes have been deposited into the SRA under accession no. SRA260020.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1420949112/-/DCSupplemental.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
Genome sequencing of adzuki bean
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