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Edited by Ronald W. Davis, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, and approved July 13, 2016 (received for review May 11, 2016)
Significance
Chronic fatigue syndrome is a multisystem disease that causes long-term pain and disability. It is difficult to diagnose because of its protean symptoms and the lack of a diagnostic laboratory test. We report that targeted, broad-spectrum metabolomics of plasma not only revealed a characteristic chemical signature but also revealed an unexpected underlying biology. Metabolomics showed that chronic fatigue syndrome is a highly concerted hypometabolic response to environmental stress that traces to mitochondria and was similar to the classically studied developmental state of dauer. This discovery opens a fresh path for the rational development of new therapeutics and identifies metabolomics as a powerful tool to identify the chemical differences that contribute to health and disease.
Abstract
More than 2 million people in the United States have myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). We performed targeted, broad-spectrum metabolomics to gain insights into the biology of CFS. We studied a total of 84 subjects using these methods. Forty-five subjects (n = 22 men and 23 women) met diagnostic criteria for ME/CFS by Institute of Medicine, Canadian, and Fukuda criteria. Thirty-nine subjects (n = 18 men and 21 women) were age- and sex-matched normal controls. Males with CFS were 53 (±2.8) y old (mean ± SEM; range, 21–67 y). Females were 52 (±2.5) y old (range, 20–67 y). The Karnofsky performance scores were 62 (±3.2) for males and 54 (±3.3) for females. We targeted 612 metabolites in plasma from 63 biochemical pathways by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization, and tandem mass spectrometry in a single-injection method. Patients with CFS showed abnormalities in 20 metabolic pathways. Eighty percent of the diagnostic metabolites were decreased, consistent with a hypometabolic syndrome. Pathway abnormalities included sphingolipid, phospholipid, purine, cholesterol, microbiome, pyrroline-5-carboxylate, riboflavin, branch chain amino acid, peroxisomal, and mitochondrial metabolism. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed diagnostic accuracies of 94% [95% confidence interval (CI), 84–100%] in males using eight metabolites and 96% (95% CI, 86–100%) in females using 13 metabolites. Our data show that despite the heterogeneity of factors leading to CFS, the cellular metabolic response in patients was homogeneous, statistically robust, and chemically similar to the evolutionarily conserved persistence response to environmental stress known as dauer.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: rnaviaux{at}ucsd.edu.
↵2Present address: Redwood Valley Clinic, 8501 West Road, Redwood Valley, CA, 95470.
Author contributions: R.K.N., N.N., W.A., and E.G. designed research; R.K.N., J.C.N., K.L., A.T.B., L.W., A.B., N.N., W.A., and E.G. performed research; R.K.N., J.C.N., K.L., A.T.B., W.A.A., and L.W. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; R.K.N. wrote and managed the human subjects protocol; J.C.N. recruited subjects and developed methods; K.L. developed methods; A.T.B. created the pathway database and developed new bioinformatic methods; W.A.A. prepared the Cytoscape pathway visualizations; A.B. coordinated patient recruitment, medical histories, and clinical data; N.N., W.A., and E.G. identified and recruited patients; R.K.N., J.C.N., K.L., A.T.B., N.N., and E.G. analyzed data; and R.K.N., J.C.N., K.L., A.T.B., and W.A.A. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
Data deposition: The data reported in this paper have been deposited in the NIH Metabolomics Data Repository and Coordinating Center (DRCC) (accession no. ST000450).
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1607571113/-/DCSupplemental.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome
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