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Research Article

Massive increase in visual range preceded the origin of terrestrial vertebrates

Malcolm A. MacIver, Lars Schmitz, Ugurcan Mugan, Todd D. Murphey, and Curtis D. Mobley
PNAS first published March 7, 2017; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615563114
Malcolm A. MacIver
aThe Neuroscience and Robotics Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208;
bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208;
cDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208;
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  • For correspondence: maciver@northwestern.edu lschmitz@kecksci.claremont.edu
Lars Schmitz
dW. M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA 91711;
eDinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007;
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  • For correspondence: maciver@northwestern.edu lschmitz@kecksci.claremont.edu
Ugurcan Mugan
cDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208;
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Todd D. Murphey
bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208;
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Curtis D. Mobley
fSection for Optical Oceanography, Sequoia Scientific, Inc., Bellevue, WA 98005
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  1. Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved January 24, 2017 (received for review September 17, 2016)

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Significance

Starting 385 million years ago, certain fish slowly evolved into legged animals living on land. We show that eyes tripled in size and shifted from the sides to the top of the head long before fish modified their fins into limbs for land. Before permanent life on land, these animals probably hunted like crocodiles, looking at prey from just above the water line, where the vastly higher transparency of air enabled long-distance vision and selected for larger eyes. The “buena vista” hypothesis that our study forwards is that seeing opportunities far away provided an informational zip line to the bounty of invertebrate prey on land, aiding selection for limbs—first for brief forays onto land and eventually, for life there.

Abstract

The evolution of terrestrial vertebrates, starting around 385 million years ago, is an iconic moment in evolution that brings to mind images of fish transforming into four-legged animals. Here, we show that this radical change in body shape was preceded by an equally dramatic change in sensory abilities akin to transitioning from seeing over short distances in a dense fog to seeing over long distances on a clear day. Measurements of eye sockets and simulations of their evolution show that eyes nearly tripled in size just before vertebrates began living on land. Computational simulations of these animal’s visual ecology show that for viewing objects through water, the increase in eye size provided a negligible increase in performance. However, when viewing objects through air, the increase in eye size provided a large increase in performance. The jump in eye size was, therefore, unlikely to have arisen for seeing through water and instead points to an unexpected hybrid of seeing through air while still primarily inhabiting water. Our results and several anatomical innovations arising at the same time suggest lifestyle similarity to crocodiles. The consequent combination of the increase in eye size and vision through air would have conferred a 1 million-fold increase in the amount of space within which objects could be seen. The “buena vista” hypothesis that our data suggest is that seeing opportunities from afar played a role in the subsequent evolution of fully terrestrial limbs as well as the emergence of elaborated action sequences through planning circuits in the nervous system.

  • fish–tetrapod transition
  • vision
  • visual ecology
  • terrestriality
  • prospective cognition

Footnotes

  • ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: maciver{at}northwestern.edu or lschmitz{at}kecksci.claremont.edu.
  • Author contributions: M.A.M. and L.S. designed research; M.A.M. and L.S. performed research; T.D.M. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; M.A.M., L.S., U.M., and C.D.M. analyzed data; and M.A.M. and L.S. wrote the paper.

  • The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  • This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.

  • Data deposition: Code and data to reproduce these results is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.321923.

  • This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1615563114/-/DCSupplemental.

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Leap in visual range preceded the leap to land
Malcolm A. MacIver, Lars Schmitz, Ugurcan Mugan, Todd D. Murphey, Curtis D. Mobley
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Mar 2017, 201615563; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615563114

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Leap in visual range preceded the leap to land
Malcolm A. MacIver, Lars Schmitz, Ugurcan Mugan, Todd D. Murphey, Curtis D. Mobley
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Mar 2017, 201615563; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615563114
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 118 (3)
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    • Large Eyes Appeared Before Terrestriality
    • Computational Visual Ecology
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