Researchers are exploring whether these ubiquitous fluorinated molecules might worsen infections or hamper vaccine effectiveness.
Image credit: Shutterstock/Dmitry Naumov.
Edited by David A. Weitz, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved February 28, 2017 (received for review October 14, 2016)
Significance
When straining materials (e.g., pulling a rubber band), they initially deform with a certain stiffness; if one pulls harder, some materials strengthen. This phenomenon, known as nonlinear strain hardening, is a critical feature of composite polymer materials—polymers with reinforcing filler particles—used in, e.g., car tires. Engineering properties such as modulus, toughness, and strength of nanocomposites have been traditionally optimized through trial and error by changing the size and amount of fillers. Our work elucidates the molecular origin of strain hardening in polymer nanocomposites, showing that filler amount, but not size, sets the strain-hardening properties based on interfiller chain elongation. The insensitivity to filler size provides a facile concept to independently tune linear and nonlinear mechanics in composites.
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites—materials in which a polymer matrix is blended with nanoparticles (or fillers)—strengthen under sufficiently large strains. Such strain hardening is critical to their function, especially for materials that bear large cyclic loads such as car tires or bearing sealants. Although the reinforcement (i.e., the increase in the linear elasticity) by the addition of filler particles is phenomenologically understood, considerably less is known about strain hardening (the nonlinear elasticity). Here, we elucidate the molecular origin of strain hardening using uniaxial tensile loading, microspectroscopy of polymer chain alignment, and theory. The strain-hardening behavior and chain alignment are found to depend on the volume fraction, but not on the size of nanofillers. This contrasts with reinforcement, which depends on both volume fraction and size of nanofillers, potentially allowing linear and nonlinear elasticity of nanocomposites to be tuned independently.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: parekh{at}mpip-mainz.mpg.de.
Author contributions: H.S.V. and S.H.P. designed research; H.S.V., F.M., C.M., and A.Z. performed research; B.H., M.B., and S.H.P. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; H.S.V., F.M., D.B., M.B., A.Z., and S.H.P. analyzed data; and H.S.V., F.M., C.M., D.B., M.B., A.Z., and S.H.P. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1617069114/-/DCSupplemental.
Filler amount, not size, controls strain hardening
Sign up for Article Alerts
Jump to section
You May Also be Interested in
Recent experiments and simulations are starting to answer some fundamental questions about how life came to be.
Image credit: Shutterstock/Radoslaw Lecyk.
Archaeologists have long tried to define the transition between the two time periods.
Image credit: Ceri Shipton.
Jonathon Yuly, David Beratan, and Peng Zhang investigate how electron bifurcation reactions work.
A study finds that giant pandas roll in horse manure to increase their cold tolerance.
Image credit: Fuwen Wei.