Better explicating the strengths and shortcomings of these models will help refine projections and improve transparency in the years ahead.
Image credit: Witsawat.S.
Edited by David M. Karl, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and approved July 28, 2017 (received for review February 27, 2017)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Schematic diagram illustrates the experimental design of the study. (A) The founding population was established from one colony of C. reinhardtii, grown from a single cell. (B) The founding population was grown for 1 wk under control conditions, then split into 96 different regimes (square boxes) with one to eight environmental drivers (regimes are shown as different pattern backgrounds), and a control environment (white background). (C) Populations evolved in each regime for 95 transfers. This provides enough time for adaptive variants to arise and increase in frequency. (D) After 95 transfers, the multidriver-evolved populations were assayed in their regime and the control environment. The control populations were assayed in all test regimes.
- Fig. 2.
The response of evolved populations under increasing numbers of drivers. Boxes show the (A) direct response to selection measured as the average number of cell divisions (d−1) relative to control populations assayed in the same regime. Open circles show the average of evolved populations within each regime. The dashed line indicates that there is no difference between the growth rate of the evolved control and the multidriver-evolved populations, in the same selection regime. Average cell divisions (d−1) of evolved populations assayed in (B) all regimes, (C) regimes with elevated CO2, (D) regimes with elevated temperature, (E) regimes with reduced phosphate, and (F) regimes with herbicide. White symbols show multidriver populations assayed in their selection regimes, and gray symbols show control populations assayed in the same regimes. The dashed line (B–F) shows the average growth rate of control populations in the control environment.
- Fig. 3.
Trait values of C. reinhardtii before and after evolution in multidriver environments. Changes in (A) cell size, (B) proportion of chlorophyll-positive cells, and (C) chlorophyll autofluorescence per cell volume (1/µm3) in populations of C. reinhardtii. In all panels, black symbols show the response (±SD) for a given number of drivers, and gray symbols show the average growth rate (±SD) for each regime. Circles represent the plastic response and triangles represent the evolved response.
Data supplements
Supporting Information
Evolution in multidriver environments
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