Interferometric imaging of nonlocal electromechanical power transduction in ferroelectric domains
Edited by Ramamoorthy Ramesh, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Zachary Fisk April 11, 2018 (received for review December 27, 2017)
Significance
The conversion between electrical and acoustic signals in piezoelectric materials is of fundamental importance for their applications. Because of the much slower speed of sound than speed of light in solids, mesoscopic imaging is imperative for the study of electroacoustic behaviors at microwave frequencies. In this paper, the electromechanical power transduction in lithium niobate domains is spatially resolved by microwave impedance microscopy. Because of the sign reversal of piezoelectric tensor in opposite domains, the interaction between electric fields and elastic waves leads to fringe patterns that are fundamentally different from the acoustic displacement fields. This approach uncovers hidden information in the piezoelectric transduction process and opens a frontier to explore various elastic phenomena in materials and devices.
Abstract
The electrical generation and detection of elastic waves are the foundation for acoustoelectronic and acoustooptic systems. For surface acoustic wave devices, microelectromechanical/nanoelectromechanical systems, and phononic crystals, tailoring the spatial variation of material properties such as piezoelectric and elastic tensors may bring significant improvements to the system performance. Due to the much slower speed of sound than speed of light in solids, it is desirable to study various electroacoustic behaviors at the mesoscopic length scale. In this work, we demonstrate the interferometric imaging of electromechanical power transduction in ferroelectric lithium niobate domain structures by microwave impedance microscopy. In sharp contrast to the traditional standing-wave patterns caused by the superposition of counterpropagating waves, the constructive and destructive fringes in microwave dissipation images exhibit an intriguing one-wavelength periodicity. We show that such unusual interference patterns, which are fundamentally different from the acoustic displacement fields, stem from the nonlocal interaction between electric fields and elastic waves. The results are corroborated by numerical simulations taking into account the sign reversal of piezoelectric tensor in oppositely polarized domains. Our work paves ways to probe nanoscale electroacoustic phenomena in complex structures by near-field electromagnetic imaging.
Acknowledgments
We thank Z.-X. Shen, S.-W. Cheong, and S. Artyukhin for helpful discussions. The MIM work (L.Z., X.W., Y.-L.H., and K.L.) was supported by NSF Division of Materials Research Award 1707372. The numerical simulation (H.D. and Z.W.) was supported by the Packard Fellowships for Science and Engineering and NSF Division of Engineering Grant EFMA-1641069. The MIM instrumentation was supported by the US Army Research Laboratory and the US Army Research Office under Grant W911NF1410483. W. Wang and W. Wu were supported by US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, under Award DE-SC0018153.
Supporting Information
Supporting Information (PDF)
- Download
- 1.64 MB
Movie S1.
Video clip of the time evolution of (A) x, (B) y, and (C) z components of the simulated velocity fields. Scale bar and annotations are the same as Fig. S4. The propagation of the waves generated by the line source, such as P-SAW, slow transverse wave, and longitudinal bulk wave, can be directly visualized.
- Download
- 5.62 MB
References
1
P Hariharan Basics of Interferometry (Academic, San Diego, 1992).
2
B Clerckx, C Oestges MIMO Wireless Networks: Channels, Techniques and Standards for Multi-Antenna, Multi-User and Multi-Cell Systems (Academic, 2nd Ed, Waltham, MA, 2013).
3
J Zheng Optical Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) Interferometry (Springer, New York, 2005).
4
BP Abbott, et al., Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger. Phys Rev Lett; LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration 116, 061102 (2016).
5
Y Makhlin, G Schön, A Shnirman, Quantum-state engineering with Josephson-junction devices. Rev Mod Phys 73, 357–400 (2001).
6
PA Rosen, et al., Synthetic aperture radar interferometry. Proc IEEE 88, 333–382 (2000).
7
JT Bushberg, JA Seibert The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2011).
8
R Weigel, et al., Microwave acoustic materials, devices, and applications. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 50, 738–749 (2002).
9
KL Ekinci, Electromechanical transducers at the nanoscale: Actuation and sensing of motion in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Small 1, 786–797 (2005).
10
D Yudistira, et al., Monolithic phononic crystals with a surface acoustic band gap from surface phonon-polariton coupling. Phys Rev Lett 113, 215503 (2014).
11
K Lai, W Kundhikanjana, M Kelly, ZX Shen, Nanoscale microwave microscopy using shielded cantilever probes. Appl Nanosci 1, 13–18 (2010).
12
YL Yang, et al., Batch-fabricated cantilever probes with electrical shielding for nanoscale dielectric and conductivity imaging. J Micromech Microeng 22, 115040 (2012).
13
K Lai, W Kundhikanjana, M Kelly, ZX Shen, Modeling and characterization of a cantilever-based near-field scanning microwave impedance microscope. Rev Sci Instrum 79, 063703 (2008).
14
D Wu, et al., Thickness-dependent dielectric constant of few-layer In2Se3 nanoflakes. Nano Lett 15, 8136–8140 (2015).
15
D Wu, et al., Uncovering edge states and electrical inhomogeneity in MoS2 field-effect transistors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113, 8583–8588 (2016).
16
RS Weis, TK Gaylord, Lithium niobate: Summary of physical properties and crystal structure. Appl Phys A Solids Surf 37, 191–203 (1985).
17
Jr AJ Slobodnik, PH Carr, AJ Budreau, Microwave frequency acoustic surface‐wave loss mechanisms on LiNbO3. J Appl Phys 41, 4380–4387 (1970).
18
K Yamanouchi, K Shibayama, Propagation and amplification of Rayleigh waves and piezoelectric leaky surface waves in LiNbO3. J Appl Phys 43, 856–862 (1972).
19
M Yamada, N Nada, M Saitoh, K Watanabe, First-order quasi-phase matched LiNbO3 waveguide periodically poled by applying an external field for efficient blue second-harmonic generation. Appl Phys Lett 62, 435–436 (1993).
20
H Liang, R Luo, Y He, H Jiang, Q Lin, High-quality lithium niobate photonic crystal nanocavities. Optica 4, 1251–1258 (2017).
21
Y Lu, et al., Optical properties of an ionic-type phononic crystal. Science 284, 1822–1824 (1999).
22
MF Crommie, CP Lutz, DM Eigler, Imaging standing waves in a two-dimensional electron gas. Nature 363, 524–527 (1993).
23
X Wu, et al., Low-energy structural dynamics of ferroelectric domain walls in hexagonal rare-earth manganites. Sci Adv 3, e1602371 (2017).
24
A Takayanagi, K Yamanouchi, K Shibayama, Piezoelectric leaky surface wave in LiNbO3. Appl Phys Lett 17, 225–227 (1970).
25
J Kushibiki, I Takanaga, M Arakawa, T Sannomiya, Accurate measurements of the acoustical physical constants of LiNbO (3) and LiTaO(3) single crystals. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 46, 1315–1323 (1999).
26
D Royer, E Dieulesaint Elastic Waves in Solids (Springer, New York, 1999).
27
JL Bleustein, A new surface wave in piezoelectric materials. Appl Phys Lett 13, 412–413 (1968).
28
YV Gulyaev, Electroacoustic surface waves in piezoelectric materials. JETP Lett 9, 37–38 (1969).
29
RM White, Surface elastic waves. Proc IEEE 58, 1238–1276 (1970).
30
Y Sugawara, et al., Watching ripples on crystals. Phys Rev Lett 88, 185504 (2002).
31
DM Profunser, OB Wright, O Matsuda, Imaging ripples on phononic crystals reveals acoustic band structure and Bloch harmonics. Phys Rev Lett 97, 055502 (2006).
32
DV Roshchupkin, T Fournier, M Brunel, OA Plotitsyna, NG Sorokin, Scanning electron microscopy observation of excitation of the surface acoustic waves by the regular domain structures in the LiNbO3 crystals. Appl Phys Lett 60, 2330–2331 (1992).
33
DV Roshchupkin, M Brunel, Scanning electron microscopy observation of surface acoustic wave propagation in the LiNbO3 crystals with regular domain structures. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 41, 512–517 (1994).
34
T Hesjedal, G Behme, High-resolution imaging of a single circular surface acoustic wave source: Effects of crystal anisotropy. Appl Phys Lett 79, 1054–1056 (2001).
35
T Hesjedal, Surface acoustic wave-assisted scanning probe microscopy–A summary. Rep Prog Phys 73, 016102 (2010).
36
SR Johnston, et al., Measurement of surface acoustic wave resonances in ferroelectric domains by microwave microscopy. J Appl Phys 122, 074101 (2017).
37
J-H Li, L Chen, V Nagarajan, R Ramesh, AL Roytburd, Finite element modeling of piezoresponse in nanostructured ferroelectric films. Appl Phys Lett 84, 2626–2628 (2004).
38
SV Kalinin, A Rar, S Jesse, A decade of piezoresponse force microscopy: Progress, challenges, and opportunities. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 53, 2226–2252 (2006).
39
S Tonami, A Nishikata, Y Shimizu, Characteristics of leaky surface acoustic waves propagating on LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 substrates. Jpn J Appl Phys 34, 2664–2667 (1995).
40
MF Crommie, CP Lutz, DM Eigler, Confinement of electrons to quantum corrals on a metal surface. Science 262, 218–220 (1993).
Information & Authors
Information
Published in
Classifications
Copyright
© 2018. Published under the PNAS license.
Submission history
Published online: May 7, 2018
Published in issue: May 22, 2018
Keywords
Acknowledgments
We thank Z.-X. Shen, S.-W. Cheong, and S. Artyukhin for helpful discussions. The MIM work (L.Z., X.W., Y.-L.H., and K.L.) was supported by NSF Division of Materials Research Award 1707372. The numerical simulation (H.D. and Z.W.) was supported by the Packard Fellowships for Science and Engineering and NSF Division of Engineering Grant EFMA-1641069. The MIM instrumentation was supported by the US Army Research Laboratory and the US Army Research Office under Grant W911NF1410483. W. Wang and W. Wu were supported by US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, under Award DE-SC0018153.
Notes
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. R.R. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.
Authors
Competing Interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Altmetrics
Citations
Cite this article
Interferometric imaging of nonlocal electromechanical power transduction in ferroelectric domains, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
115 (21) 5338-5342,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722499115
(2018).
Copied!
Copying failed.
Export the article citation data by selecting a format from the list below and clicking Export.
Cited by
Loading...
View Options
View options
PDF format
Download this article as a PDF file
DOWNLOAD PDFLogin options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Personal login Institutional LoginRecommend to a librarian
Recommend PNAS to a LibrarianPurchase options
Purchase this article to access the full text.