Free access

Mortgaging the future of chinese paleontology

February 18, 2013
110 (9) 3201
Much of the posterior part of the skull and zygomatic arches is either faked or simply crude plaster in this “new cheetah.” The color of the matrix also suggests that the specimen may have been collected from localities that are several million years older than estimated in the original publication (2), highlighting the peril of using commercially traded specimens. Image courtesy of Xiaoming Wang.
Chinese fossil forgery in the last decade highlights some troubling trends in Chinese vertebrate paleontology (14). While fossil forgeries unfailingly stoke public fascination in a field capable of producing the infamous Piltdown man hoax, the widespread damages that forgery causes are often not sufficiently recognized. Amid the renaissance of Chinese paleontology evidenced by stunning discoveries of inconceivable riches of fossils (5), paleontologic science is treading a path never experienced elsewhere: Commercialization of fossils and all that goes with a quasi-free market of fossil trade that has simultaneously become the boom and bane of Chinese vertebrate paleontology.
The coupling of several factors enables a spectacular boom in the commercial markets of vertebrate fossils: a long history of “dragon bone” collecting for traditional Chinese medicines, an explosive growth in funding for vertebrate paleontology in China, and a remarkable—if often ill-conceived—building spree of Chinese museums that actively participate in fossil trade. The financial incentive for polishing-up or augmenting an “imperfect” fossil may be irresistible for a farmer of modest means. Eyewitness reports suggest that there are now farmhouses that specialize in faking fossils, with shelves of spare fossil parts at standby for the right components. By their nature, statistics about artificial enhancements of fossils are difficult to come by [some estimate as high as 80% of specimens on display in some Chinese museums (see ref. 3)], but researchers in routine contact with traded fossils can attest to the pervasiveness of fossil faking, which is becoming increasingly sophisticated.
By Chinese law, vertebrate fossils are considered state property and are strictly protected for their scientific value (6). In practice, however, lack of enforcement and corruption enable a thriving fossil market that is highly profitable both domestically and internationally. The scale of illicit quarrying in Chinese fossiliferous sites is unprecedented, resulting in extraordinary discoveries of rare fossils that would not otherwise be found in surface samplings by field paleontologists. While the rest of the paleontologic world still proceeds with its “stone-age” pace of discoveries made by paleontologists scouring surface exposures, Chinese vertebrate paleontology has leapfrogged ahead with the participation of a vast labor force, but in the process risking the future of Chinese paleontology by hollowing out the mountains without regard for collecting common kinds of data and specimens for careful interpretation of ancient environments. The focus of these relatively untrained excavators is almost invariably on the rare and well-preserved few specimens. Although paleontologists happily describe the new blockbuster finds, it is at the expense of common findings that are just as valuable scientifically and vital for future interpretation.
Within the Chinese paleontologic community, there is a wide range of opinions regarding the commercialization of vertebrate fossils. Some view it as a seemingly inexhaustible stream of new discoveries. Others are less sanguine and bemoan the irretrievable loss of provenience data and contextual information associated with commercially traded fossils, even for those few that end up in legitimate museums or institutions.
This massively commercialized Chinese paleontology has several consequences. The most public manifestation is the emergence of a large treasure trove of fossils, which catapult onto the world stage a generation of young Chinese paleontologists, who are now leading authorities in their fields. While such a development is certainly welcome, often lost in the euphoria is an urgent discussion on how to mitigate the devastating effects of the commercial fossil trade: wanton destruction of fossil sites, fossil fakery, loss of contextual information, and the mortgaging of the Chinese paleontologic future.
Some of my colleagues outside China are reluctant to speak out about this problem as it could jeopardize their relationships with Chinese colleagues. As such, strong leadership is required from the Chinese paleontological community to reduce the scope of this problem. Although the illicit fossil trade likely cannot be shutdown completely, it behooves us to stay aware of the problem and work toward resolving it for the future benefit of paleontology.

References

1
JH Mazák, Retraction for Christiansen and Mazák, A primitive Late Pliocene cheetah, and evolution of the cheetah lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109, 15072 (2012).
2
P Christiansen, JH Mazák, A primitive Late Pliocene cheetah, and evolution of the cheetah lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106, 512–515 (2009).
3
R Stone, Altering the past: China’s faked fossils problem. Science 330, 1740–1741 (2010).
4
Z Zhou, JA Clarke, F Zhang, Archaeoraptor’s better half. Nature 420, 285 (2002).
5
R Stone, Dinosaur kingpin opens fossil bonanza to science. Science 337, 900–901 (2012).
6
R Stone, China clamps down on illegal fossil trading. Science 329, 1453 (2010).

Information & Authors

Information

Published in

The cover image for PNAS Vol.110; No.9
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Vol. 110 | No. 9
February 26, 2013
PubMed: 23431183

Submission history

Published online: February 18, 2013
Published in issue: February 26, 2013

Authors

Affiliations

Xiaoming Wang1 [email protected]
Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

Notes

Author contributions: X.W. wrote the paper.

Competing Interests

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Note: The article usage is presented with a three- to four-day delay and will update daily once available. Due to ths delay, usage data will not appear immediately following publication. Citation information is sourced from Crossref Cited-by service.


Citation statements




Altmetrics

Citations

Export the article citation data by selecting a format from the list below and clicking Export.

Cited by

    Loading...

    View Options

    View options

    PDF format

    Download this article as a PDF file

    DOWNLOAD PDF

    Login options

    Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

    Personal login Institutional Login

    Recommend to a librarian

    Recommend PNAS to a Librarian

    Purchase options

    Purchase this article to access the full text.

    Single Article Purchase

    Mortgaging the future of chinese paleontology
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    • Vol. 110
    • No. 9
    • pp. 3199-3651

    Figures

    Tables

    Media

    Share

    Share

    Share article link

    Share on social media