Table Of Contents Page, PNAS Volume 110, Number 8
This Week in PNAS
Letters (Online Only)
Opinion
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News Feature
Science and Culture
Inner Workings
Profile
Core Concepts
Commentaries
PNAS Plus Significance Statements
Physical Sciences
Chemistry
Sphingolipids play important roles in plasma membrane structure and cell signaling.
However, their lateral distribution in the plasma membrane is poorly understood. Here
we quantitatively analyzed the sphingolipid organization on the entire dorsal surface
...
Most of what is known about the structure of the hydrated electron comes from mixed
quantum/classical simulations, which depend on the pseudopotential that couples the
quantum electron to the classical water molecules. These potentials usually are highly
...
Computer Sciences
The study of natural images and how our brain processes them has been an area of intense
research in neuroscience, psychology, and computer science. We introduced a unique
approach to studying natural images by decomposing images into a hierarchy of ...
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
Monsoon rainfall and tropical storms (TSs) impose great impacts on society, yet their
seasonal predictions are far from successful. The western Pacific Subtropical High
(WPSH) is a prime circulation system affecting East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and
...
Clouds, a key component of the climate system, form when water vapor condenses upon
atmospheric particulates termed cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Variations in CCN
concentrations can profoundly impact cloud properties, with important effects on local
...
Photochemically produced aerosols are common among the atmospheres of our solar system
and beyond. Observations and models have shown that photochemical aerosols have direct
consequences on atmospheric properties as well as important astrobiological ...
Engineering
A spatial potential trap is formed in a 6.0-μm Al(Ga)N nanowire by varying the Al
composition along its length during epitaxial growth. The polariton emission characteristics
of a dielectric microcavity with the single nanowire embedded in-plane have been ...
Peptide drugs are an exciting class of pharmaceuticals increasingly used for the treatment
of a variety of diseases; however, their main drawback is a short half-life, which
dictates multiple and frequent injections and an undesirable “peak-and-valley” ...
Uncontrolled misfolding of proteins leading to the formation of amyloid deposits is
associated with more than 40 types of diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases
and type-2 diabetes. These irreversible amyloid fibrils typically assemble in distinct
...
Environmental Sciences
Accurate and timely surface precipitation measurements are crucial for water resources
management, agriculture, weather prediction, climate research, as well as ground validation
of satellite-based precipitation estimates. However, the majority of the ...
Physics
Two seemingly unrelated effects attributed to quantum coherence have been reported
recently in natural and artificial light-harvesting systems. First, an enhanced solar
cell efficiency was predicted and second, population oscillations were measured in
...
View related content:
Enhanced quantum efficiency of light-harvesting in a biomolecular quantum “steam engine”
Glass transition, in which viscosity of liquids increases dramatically upon decrease
of temperature without any major change in structural properties, remains one of the
most challenging problems in condensed matter physics despite tremendous research
...
Topological insulators and graphene present two unique classes of materials, which
are characterized by spin-polarized (helical) and nonpolarized Dirac cone band structures,
respectively. The importance of many-body interactions that renormalize the ...
Although stretching of most polymer chains leads to rather featureless force-extension
diagrams, some, notably DNA, exhibit nontrivial behavior with a distinct plateau region.
Here, we propose a unified theory that connects force-extension characteristics ...
Social Sciences
Anthropology
It is commonly accepted that some of the latest dates for Neanderthal fossils and
Mousterian industries are found south of the Ebro valley in Iberia at ca. 36 ka calBP (calibrated radiocarbon date ranges). In contrast, to the north of the
valley the ...
View related content:
The transition in southern Iberia: Insights from paleoclimatology and the Early Upper Palaeolithic
This article has a reply:Reply to de la Peña: Radiocarbon dating and the paleoenvironmental record of Carihuela
Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
There is a large body of evidence of apparently spontaneous mimicry in humans. This
phenomenon has been described as “automatic imitation” and attributed to a mirror
neuron system, but there is little direct evidence that it is involuntary rather than
...
Sustainability Science
Integrating the conservation of biodiversity by smallholder farmers with agricultural
intensification is increasingly recognized as a leading priority of sustainability
and food security amid global environmental and socioeconomic change. An international
...
Biological Sciences
Agricultural Sciences
Flowering time (i.e., heading date in crops) is an important ecological trait that
determines growing seasons and regional adaptability of plants to specific natural
environments. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a short-day plant that originated in the tropics. ...
Anthropology
It is commonly accepted that some of the latest dates for Neanderthal fossils and
Mousterian industries are found south of the Ebro valley in Iberia at ca. 36 ka calBP (calibrated radiocarbon date ranges). In contrast, to the north of the
valley the ...
View related content:
The transition in southern Iberia: Insights from paleoclimatology and the Early Upper Palaeolithic
This article has a reply:Reply to de la Peña: Radiocarbon dating and the paleoenvironmental record of Carihuela
Understanding dental development in chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, is
of fundamental importance for reconstructing the evolution of human development. Most
early hominin species are believed to show rapid ape-like patterns of development,
...
Applied Biological Sciences
The engineering of complex metabolic pathways requires the concerted expression of
multiple genes. In plastids (chloroplasts) of plant cells, genes are organized in
operons that are coexpressed as polycistronic transcripts and then often are processed
...
Peptide drugs are an exciting class of pharmaceuticals increasingly used for the treatment
of a variety of diseases; however, their main drawback is a short half-life, which
dictates multiple and frequent injections and an undesirable “peak-and-valley” ...
Uncontrolled misfolding of proteins leading to the formation of amyloid deposits is
associated with more than 40 types of diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases
and type-2 diabetes. These irreversible amyloid fibrils typically assemble in distinct
...
Biochemistry
The study of proteolysis lies at the heart of our understanding of biocatalysis, enzyme
evolution, and drug development. To understand the degree of natural variation in
protease active sites, we systematically evaluated simple active site features from
...
The xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) helicase is a subunit of transcription/DNA
repair factor, transcription factor II H (TFIIH) that catalyzes the unwinding of a
damaged DNA duplex during nucleotide excision repair. Apart from two canonical helicase
...
Transit of proteins through the endosomal organelle following endocytosis is critical
for regulating the homeostasis of cell-surface proteins and controlling signal transduction
pathways. However, the mechanisms that control these membrane-transport ...
Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections pose a significant threat to human health. Antibiotic resistance is most
commonly propagated by conjugative plasmids like pLW1043, the first vancomycin-resistant
S. aureus vector identified in humans. ...
Aldoxime dehydratase (OxdA), which is a unique heme protein, catalyzes the dehydration
of an aldoxime to a nitrile even in the presence of water in the reaction mixture.
Unlike the utilization of H2O2 or O2 as a mediator of catalysis by other heme-...
Biophysics and Computational Biology
An empirical continuum solvation model, solvation free energy density (SFED), has
been developed to calculate solvation free energies of a molecule in the most frequently
used solvents. A generalized version of the SFED model, generalized-SFED (G-SFED),
...
Two seemingly unrelated effects attributed to quantum coherence have been reported
recently in natural and artificial light-harvesting systems. First, an enhanced solar
cell efficiency was predicted and second, population oscillations were measured in
...
View related content:
Enhanced quantum efficiency of light-harvesting in a biomolecular quantum “steam engine”
Although stretching of most polymer chains leads to rather featureless force-extension
diagrams, some, notably DNA, exhibit nontrivial behavior with a distinct plateau region.
Here, we propose a unified theory that connects force-extension characteristics ...
We present a technique for in situ visualization of the biomechanics of DNA structural
networks using 4D electron microscopy. Vibrational oscillations of the DNA structure
are excited mechanically through a short burst of substrate vibrations triggered by
...
We provide a time- and structure-resolved characterization of the folding of the heterogeneous
β-hairpin peptide Tryptophan Zipper 2 (Trpzip2) using 2D IR spectroscopy. The amide
I′ vibrations of three Trpzip2 isotopologues are used as a local probe of ...
Cell Biology
ADP ribosylation factors (Arfs) are the central regulators of vesicle trafficking
from the Golgi complex. Activated Arfs facilitate vesicle formation through stimulating
coat assembly, activating lipid-modifying enzymes and recruiting tethers and other
...
View related content:
Arl1 gets into the membrane remodeling business with a flippase and ArfGEF
Sphingolipids play important roles in plasma membrane structure and cell signaling.
However, their lateral distribution in the plasma membrane is poorly understood. Here
we quantitatively analyzed the sphingolipid organization on the entire dorsal surface
...
Although nitric oxide (NO) signaling promotes differentiation and maturation of endothelial
progenitor cells, its role in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
into endothelial cells remains controversial. We tested the role of NO signaling ...
View related content:
Cells can sense and respond to physical properties of their surrounding extracellular
matrix. We have demonstrated here that tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 plays an essential
role in the response of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to matrix rigidity. On rigid ...
Mitochondria in many types of cells are dynamically interconnected through constant
fusion and fission, allowing for exchange of mitochondrial contents and repair of
damaged mitochondria. However, constrained by the myofibril lattice, the ∼6,000 ...
Elastic fiber assembly requires deposition of elastin monomers onto microfibrils,
the mechanism of which is incompletely understood. Here we show that latent TGF-β
binding protein 4 (LTBP-4) potentiates formation of elastic fibers through interacting
with ...
Fibroblasts can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by application
of transcription factors octamer-binding protein 4 (Oct4), SRY-box containing gene
2 (Sox2), Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), and c-Myelocytomatosis oncogene (c-Myc) (...
In mammals, the prototypical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor inositol-requiring
enzyme 1 (IRE1) has diverged into two paralogs. IRE1α is broadly expressed and mediates the unconventional splicing of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA during ER ...
Developmental Biology
The neural crest develops in vertebrate embryos within a discrete domain at the neural
plate boundary and eventually gives rise to a migrating population of cells that differentiate
into a multitude of derivatives. We have shown that the broad-complex, ...
Many long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) species have been identified in mammalian cells,
but the genomic origin and regulation of these molecules in individual cell types
is poorly understood. We have generated catalogs of lncRNA species expressed in human
and ...
Coordination of neural crest cell (NCC) induction and delamination is orchestrated
by several transcription factors. Among these, Sry-related HMG box-9 (Sox9) and Snail2 have been implicated in both the induction of NCC identity and, together with ...
Ecology
Recently, the highly invasive Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, rapidly displaced resident populations of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti in the southeastern United States and in Bermuda. Although multiple mechanisms of
competitive ...
Many species show changes in distribution and phenotypic trait variation in response
to climatic warming. Evidence of genetically based trait responses to climate change
is, however, less common. Here, we detected evolutionary variation in the landscape-...
Evolution
The cause of the tremendous among-protein variation in the rate of sequence evolution
is a central subject of molecular evolution. Expression level has been identified
as a leading determinant of this variation among genes encoded in the same genome,
but ...
The importance of gene gain through duplication has long been appreciated. In contrast,
the importance of gene loss has only recently attracted attention. Indeed, studies
in organisms ranging from plants to worms and humans suggest that duplication of ...
Assessing the extent to which population subdivision during cladogenesis is necessary
for long-term phenotypic evolution is of fundamental importance in a broad range of
biological disciplines. Differentiating cladogenesis from anagenesis, defined as ...
View related content:
Identifying anagenesis and cladogenesis in the fossil record
This article has a reply:Reply to Aze et al.: Distinguishing speciation modes based on multiple lines of evidence
Cancer progression is driven by the accumulation of a small number of genetic alterations.
However, these few driver alterations reside in a cancer genome alongside tens of thousands of additional mutations
termed passengers. Passengers are widely ...
Genetics
Dual role for mammalian DNA polymerase ζ in maintaining genome stability and proliferative responses
DNA polymerase ζ (polζ) is critical for bypass of DNA damage and the associated mutagenesis,
but also has unique functions in mammals. It is required for embryonic development
and for viability of hematopoietic cells, but, paradoxically, skin epithelia ...
Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is a biologically aggressive subtype of endometrial
cancer. We analyzed the mutational landscape of USC by whole-exome sequencing of 57
cancers, most of which were matched to normal DNA from the same patients. The ...
How distant enhancer elements regulate the assembly of a transcription complex at
a promoter remains poorly understood. Here, we use long-range gene regulation by the
bacteriophage λ CI protein as a powerful system to examine this process in vivo. A
2.3-...
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures correct chromosome segregation during
mitosis by preventing aneuploidy, an event that is detrimental to the fitness and
survival of normal cells but oncogenic in tumor cells. Deletion of SAC genes is ...
Immunology
The p53 tumor suppressor exerts a central role in protecting cells from oncogenic
transformation. Accordingly, the p53 gene is mutated in a large number of human cancers.
In mice, germ-line inactivation of p53 confers strong predisposition to development
...
In vitro evidence suggests that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are intimately
involved in the pathogenesis of lupus. However, it remains to be determined whether
these cells are required in vivo for disease development, and whether their contribution
...
Much of the knowledge about cell differentiation and function in the immune system
has come from studies in mice, but the relevance to human immunology, diseases, and
therapy has been challenged, perhaps more from anecdotal than comprehensive evidence.
To ...
Nuclear localization leucine-rich-repeat protein 1 (NLRP1) is a key regulator of the
innate immune system, particularly in the skin where, in response to molecular triggers
such as pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns, the NLRP1 ...
Chronic inflammation of the intestine is detrimental to mammals. Similarly, constant
activation of the immune response in the gut by the endogenous flora is suspected
to be harmful to Drosophila. Therefore, the innate immune response in the gut of ...
Despite a high degree of conservation, subtle but important differences exist between
the CD1d antigen presentation pathways of humans and mice. These differences may account
for the minimal success of natural killer T (NKT) cell-based antitumor therapies ...
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) derived from pathogen- or host-damaged cells triggers
innate immune responses when exposed to cytoplasm. However, the machinery underlying
the primary recognition of intracellular dsDNA is obscure. Here we show that the DNA
...
We have previously shown that macaques vaccinated with DNA vectors expressing SIVmac239
antigens developed potent immune responses able to reduce viremia upon high-dose SIVmac251
challenge. To further improve vaccine-induced immunity and protection, we ...
Recent work has suggested that beta-lactam antibiotics might directly affect eukaryotic
cellular functions. Here, we studied the effects of commonly used beta-lactam antibiotics
on rodent and human T cells in vitro and in vivo on T-cell–mediated ...
Human trials of formaldehyde-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (FI-RSV) vaccine
in 1966–1967 caused disastrous worsening of disease and death in infants during subsequent
natural respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. The reasons behind ...
We have developed and validated a methodology for determining the antibody composition
of the polyclonal serum response after immunization. Pepsin-digested serum IgGs were
subjected to standard antigen-affinity chromatography, and resulting elution, wash,
...
Medical Sciences
Chronic consumption of a fat-rich diet leads to attenuation of leptin signaling in
hypothalamic neurons, a hallmark feature of cellular leptin resistance. To date, little
is known about the temporal and spatial dysregulation of neuronal function under ...
To realize the potential of large molecular weight substances to treat neurological
disorders, novel approaches are required to surmount the blood–brain barrier (BBB).
We investigated whether fusion of a receptor-binding peptide from apolipoprotein E
(...
B cells are known to play an important role in pathogenesis of human chronic graft
vs. host disease (cGVHD). Our group has previously shown that IgG allo-antibodies
recognize Y chromosome-encoded proteins (H–Y) and a dominant H–Y epitope, DEAD box
protein ...
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of disorders characterized by variable
cytopenias and ineffective hematopoiesis. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and myeloid
progenitors in MDS have not been extensively characterized. We transplanted purified
...
The TrkC neurotrophin receptor belongs to the functional dependence receptor family,
members of which share the ability to induce apoptosis in the absence of their ligands.
Such a trait has been hypothesized to confer tumor-suppressor activity. Indeed, ...
View related content:
Context is everything for dependence receptors in colorectal cancer
The derivation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from individuals of genetic
disorders offers new opportunities for basic research into these diseases and the
development of therapeutic compounds. Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is a serious
...
Members of the RAS superfamily of small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) transition
between GDP-bound, inactive and GTP-bound, active states and thereby function as binary
switches in the regulation of various cellular activities. Whereas HRAS, NRAS, ...
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of leukemia in adults in
the Western hemisphere. Tumor-specific chromosomal translocations, characteristic
findings in several human malignancies that directly lead to malignant transformation,
...
Stabilization of virus protein structure and nucleic acid integrity is challenging
yet essential to preserve the transcriptional competence of live recombinant viral
vaccine vectors in the absence of a cold chain. When coupled with needle-free skin
...
Microbiology
Legionella and Coxiella are intracellular pathogens that use the virulence-related Icm/Dot type-IVB secretion
system to translocate effector proteins into host cells during infection. These effectors
were previously shown to contain a C-terminal secretion ...
Infection with the gastric bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori is typically contracted in early childhood and often persists for decades. The immunomodulatory
properties of H. pylori that allow it to colonize humans persistently are believed to also ...
Severe infectious disease in children may be a manifestation of primary immunodeficiency.
These genetic disorders represent important experiments of nature with the capacity
to elucidate nonredundant mechanisms of human immunity. We hypothesized that a ...
The strict tropism of many pathogens for man hampers the development of animal models
that recapitulate important microbe–host interactions. We developed a rhesus macaque
model for studying Neisseria–host interactions using Neisseria species indigenous to ...
Natural transformation is a dominant force in bacterial evolution by promoting horizontal
gene transfer. This process may have devastating consequences, such as the spread
of antibiotic resistance or the emergence of highly virulent clones. However, ...
Neuroscience
Postnatal bilateral whisker trimming was used as a model system to test how synaptic
proteomes are altered in barrel cortex by sensory deprivation during synaptogenesis.
Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we quantified more than 7,000 synaptic proteins
...
Transactivating response region DNA binding protein (TDP-43) is the major protein
component of ubiquitinated inclusions found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with ubiquitinated inclusions. Two ALS-...
Diverse mechanisms including activation of NMDA receptors, microglial activation,
reactive astrogliosis, loss of descending inhibition, and spasticity are responsible
for ∼40% of cases of intractable neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury (SCI).
...
ALS results from the selective and progressive degeneration of motor neurons. Although
the underlying disease mechanisms remain unknown, glial cells have been implicated
in ALS disease progression. Here, we examine the effects of glial cell/motor neuron
...
During cerebral cortex development, a series of projection neuron types is generated
in a fixed temporal order. In Drosophila neuroblasts, the transcription factor hunchback encodes first-born identity within neural lineages. One of its mammalian homologs,...
This article has a correction:
Correction for Alsiö et al., Ikaros promotes early-born neuronal fates in the cerebral cortex
The study of natural images and how our brain processes them has been an area of intense
research in neuroscience, psychology, and computer science. We introduced a unique
approach to studying natural images by decomposing images into a hierarchy of ...
Aggregation of misfolded proteins is characteristic of a number of neurodegenerative
diseases, including Huntington disease (HD). The CCT/TRiC (chaperonin containing TCP-1/TCP-1
ring) chaperonin complex can inhibit aggregation and cellular toxicity ...
Peripheral nervous system abnormalities, including neuropathy, have been reported
in people with cystic fibrosis. These abnormalities have largely been attributed to
secondary manifestations of the disease. We tested the hypothesis that disruption
of the ...
Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in cerebral arteries, known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy
(CAA), occurs both in the setting of Alzheimer’s disease and independent of it, and
can cause cerebrovascular insufficiency and cognitive deficits. The mechanisms ...
To characterize gene expression patterns in the regional subdivisions of the mammalian
brain, we integrated spatial gene expression patterns from the Allen Brain Atlas for
the adult mouse with panels of cell type-specific genes for neurons, astrocytes, ...
Ocular dominance plasticity in the developing primary visual cortex is initiated by
monocular deprivation (MD) and consolidated during subsequent sleep. To clarify how
visual experience and sleep affect neuronal activity and plasticity, we continuously
...
Long-range cortical functional connectivity is often reduced in autism spectrum disorders
(ASD), but the nature of local cortical functional connectivity in ASD has remained
elusive. We used magnetoencephalography to measure task-related local functional ...
Dynamic epigenetic modifications play a key role in mediating the expression of genes
required for neuronal development. We previously identified nitric oxide (NO) as a
signaling molecule that mediates S-nitrosylation of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2)
and ...
A recurring issue in neuroscience concerns evidence as to whether two or more brain
regions implement qualitatively different functions. Here we introduce the application
of state-trace analysis to measures of neural activity, illustrating how this ...
Proper synaptic function requires the spatial and temporal compartmentalization of
RNA metabolism via transacting RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Loss of RBP activity leads
to abnormal posttranscriptional regulation and results in diverse neurological ...
The multiple memory systems hypothesis posits that dorsal striatum and hippocampus
are central nodes in independent memory systems, supporting response-based and place-based
learning, respectively. Although our understanding of the function of hippocampus
...
Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) can cause neuronal damage, contributing to the
pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases and stroke (i.e., focal cerebral
ischemia). NO can mediate neurotoxic effects at least in part via protein S-...
During the development of the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes wrap
their plasma membrane around axons to form a multilayered stack of tightly attached
membranes. Although intracellular myelin compaction and the role of myelin basic protein
...
Astrocytes play a critical role in neurovascular coupling by providing a physical
linkage from synapses to arterioles and releasing vaso-active gliotransmitters. We
identified a gliotransmitter pathway by which astrocytes influence arteriole lumen
...
Pharmacology
The G-protein–mediated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)–Rho GTPase signaling
axis has been implicated in human pathophysiology and is a potential therapeutic target.
By virtual screening of chemicals that fit into a surface groove of the DH-PH ...
Physiology
TRα1 and TRβ1, the two main thyroid hormone receptors in mammals, are transcription
factors that share similar properties. However, their respective functions are very
different. This functional divergence might be explained in two ways: it can reflect
...
The TGF-β superfamily is the largest family of secreted proteins in mammals, and members
of the TGF-β family are involved in most developmental and physiological processes.
Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15),
...
B-cell lymphoma–6 protein (Bcl-6) is a corepressor for inflammatory mediators such
as vascular cell adhesion molecule–1 and monocyte chemotactic protein–1 and –3, which
function to recruit monocytes to vascular endothelial cells upon inflammation. Poly
[...
Plant Biology
The phytohormone cytokinin (CK) positively regulates the activity and function of
the shoot apical meristem (SAM), which is a major parameter determining seed production.
The rice (Oryza sativa L.) Gn1a/OsCKX2 (Grain number 1a/Cytokinin oxidase 2) gene, ...
An essential role for chloroplast heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90C) in protein import into chloroplasts
Chloroplast heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90C) represents a highly conserved subfamily
of the Hsp90 family of molecular chaperones whose function has not been defined. We
identified Hsp90C as a component that interacts with import intermediates of nuclear-...
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae infects plants with a specialized cell called an appressorium, which uses turgor
to drive a rigid penetration peg through the rice leaf cuticle. Here, we show that
NADPH oxidases (Nox) are necessary for septin-...
Photorespiratory carbon flux reaches up to a third of photosynthetic flux, thus contributes
massively to the global carbon cycle. The pathway recycles glycolate-2-phosphate,
the most abundant byproduct of RubisCO reactions. This oxygenation reaction of ...
Biologically produced alkanes represent potential renewable alternatives to petroleum-derived
chemicals. A cyanobacterial pathway consisting of acyl–Acyl Carrier Protein reductase
and an aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase (ADO) converts acyl–Acyl Carrier ...
Corrections
Cover image: Pictured is a pseudo-colored confocal microscopic image of the trigeminal nerve from a newborn pig. Leah R. Reznikov et al. investigated whether disruption of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which causes cystic fibrosis, directly influences nervous system function. Using a porcine model of cystic fibrosis, the authors found that loss of CFTR resulted in myelin sheath abnormalities, reduced axon density, and slowed nerve conduction velocity—changes that are consistent with reports of neuropathy in people with cystic fibrosis. See the article by Reznikov et al. on pages 3083–3088. Image courtesy of Leah R. Reznikov.
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